Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Jaretzi Rodriguez - Period 1 - Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Jaretzi Rodriguez - Period 1 - Skeletal
Names of all Bones
Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Frontal bone
(forehead & roof of eye sockets)
Parietal bones
(top & sides of the cranium)
Temporal bones
(sides & base of the cranium)
Occipital bone
(back & base of the skull)
Sphenoid bone
(bone spanning base of middle skull)
Ethmoid bone
(roof of nasal cavity & wall of eye orbit)
Facial Bones
Nasal bones
(bridge of the nose)
Maxillae
(upper jaw & central portion of facial skeleton)
Palatine bones
(roof of the mouth & floor of nasal cavity)
Zygomatic bones
(cheekbones)
Lacrimal bones
(small bones forming part of medial wall of each eye socket)
Inferior nasal conchae
(thin scroll-shaped bones on the lateral walls of nasal cavity)
Vomer
(forms portion of nasal septum)
Mandible
(lower jawbone; largest & strongest facial bone)
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus
(hammer - transmits vibrations from eardrum to incus)
Incus
(anvil - middle ossicle connecting malleus to stapes)
Stapes
(stirrup - smallest bone in the body, transmits vibrations to inner ear)
Neck Bone
Hyoid bone
(U-shaped bone in the throat; supports the tongue; does not articulate with any other bone)
Vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae
(Neck region C1-C7; includes Atlas and Axis) 7 count
Thoracic vertebrae
(upper & mid-back region T1 - T2; articulate with ribs) 12 count
Lumbar vertebrae
(Lower back region L1 - L5 ; largest & weight-bearing) 5 count
Sacrum
(triangular bone formed by 5 fused vertebrae @ base of spine)
Coccyx
(tailbone)
Thoracic Cage
Sternum
(breastbone; composed of manubrium, body, & xiphoid process)
Ribs
(rib cage ; 7 pairs of true ribs, 3 pairs of false ribs, 2 pairs of floating ribs)
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
(collarbone)
Scapula
(shoulder blade)
Upper Limbs
Humerus
(upper arm bone)
Radius
(lateral forearm bone ; on the thumb side)
Ulna
(medial forearm bone ; on the pinky side)
Carpals
(wrist bones)
Metacarpals
(palm bones of hand)
Phalanges
(finger bones)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal bone
(hip bone)
Lower Limbs
Femur
(thigh bone ; longest, heaviest, & strongest bone in the body)
Patella
(kneecap)
Tibia
(shinbone ; larger, weight-bearing medial bone of lower leg)
Fibula
(calf bone ; smaller lateral bone of lower leg)
Tarsals
(ankle & heel bones ; includes calcaneus & talus)
Metatarsals
(foot bones forming the arch)
Phalanges
(toe bones)
Types of Bones
Long Bones
longer than they are wide ; consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses)
EX: femur & humerus
Short Bones
roughly cube-shaped, being equal in length and width
EX: carpals & tarsals
Flat Bones
thin, flat, often curved ; two layers of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone
EX: cranial bones, sternum
Irregular Bones
bones w/ complex, intricate shapes that do not fit into any other category
EX: vertebrae bones & sacrum
Sesamoid Bones
small, sesame-seed-shaped bones embedded within tendons
EX: patella
Anatomy of Long Bone
Distinct Regions
Diaphysis
(tubular shaft, runs between proximal & distal ends ; composed of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central cavity
Epiphysis
(expanded proximal & distal ends of bone; consist of external compact & internal spongy bone)
Epiphyseal Line
(growth plate made of hyaline cartilage ; ossifies once adulthood is reached)
Articular Cartilage
(thin layer of slippery hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces of epiphysis)
Membranes
Periosteum
(white, double-layered membrane covering external surfaces of bone EXCEPT joints)
Endosteum
(delicate, cellular membrane that lines internal surfaces of the bone ; includes medullary cavity & trabeculae of spongy bone
Internal Tissue
Compact Bone
(dense, hard outer layer that forms walls of diaphysis)
Spongy Bone
(inside epiphyses & lining inner cavity ; consists of a honeycomb-like network called trabeculae)
Cavities
Medullary Cavity
(hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis ; stores yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow in infants)
Marrow
Red Bone Marrow
(site of hematopoiesis ; found in spongy bone cavities & infant medullary cavities)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Osteogenic cells
(stem cells in periosteum/endosteum that can divide & differentiate into osteoblasts)
Osteoblasts
(bone-building cells that secrete the organic matrix)
Osteocytes
(mature bone cells trapped in lacunae that maintain surrounding matrix)
Osteoclasts
(large, multinucleated cells that break down (resorb) bone tissue for remodeling & mineral release)
Compact Bone Microstructure
Osteon
(structural unit)
Central canal
(core channel of osteons ; houses blood vessels & nerves)
Perforating canals
(channels connecting periosteum blood/nerve supplies to central canals)
Lamellae
(concentric rings of calcified matrix surrounding central canal)
Lacunae
(small cavities at lamellae junctions that house osteocytes)
Canaliculi
(tiny channels radiating from lacunae for nutrient & waste transport)
Spongy Bone Microstructure
Trabeculae
(honeycomb-like network ; confer strength to bone)
reduces weight while resisting multi-directional forces due to irregular arrangement
nutrients diffuse directly from bone marrow through canaliculi
Bone Remodeling
Bone Fracture Repair
Joints
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Differences Between M & F Skeleton
Disorders/Diseases