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Inappropriate Antibiotic Use → Antimicrobial Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Inappropriate Antibiotic Use → Antimicrobial Resistance
CAUSES
Prescribing
Antibiotics for viral illness
Wrong drug or dose
Patient use
Self-medication or sharing
Missed doses / stopping early
Diagnosis
No culture when indicated
Delayed results / uncertain diagnosis
EFFECTS
Patients
Treatment may fail
Longer illness / limited options
Healthcare
Longer hospital stays
Higher costs / more isolation
Community
Resistant infections spread
Greater public health burden
HEALTHCARE TEAM ACTION
Before treatment
Assess patient and allergies
Take cultures when indicated
During treatment
Monitor response and side effects
Review test results
Stewardship
Review antibiotic necessity
Adjust or stop when appropriate
How resistance develops
Selection
Antibiotic exposure kills susceptible bacteria
Resistant bacteria survive and multiply
Resistance mechanisms
Bacteria mutate
Resistance genes transfer
Spread
Person-to-person contact
Shared surfaces / healthcare settings
EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE
Resistant organisms
MRSA
VRE
ESBL-producing bacteria
CRE
Infections
Drug-resistant TB
Drug-resistant gonorrhea
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Appropriate prescribing
Only when antibiotics are needed
Right antibiotic, dose and duration
Infection prevention
Hand hygiene / clean equipment
PPE when indicated
Patient education
Follow prescribed directions
Never share antibiotics
Key relationships
Inappropriate use → selection of resistant bacteria
Resistant infection → treatment failure
Treatment failure → longer stay and higher costs
Infection control → reduced spread