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Microbiome, Learning objective - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Vibrio cholerae
        
        Toxins increase fluid secretion
        
        Flushes commensals / mucus
        
        Reduces competitive exclusion
      - Clostridioides difficile
        
        Toxins damage the epithelial barrier
        
        Alters microbial ecology
        
        Self-sustaining dysbiosis
        
        Recurrent colitis
    - - Dietary
      - Antibiotics
      - Hormonal shifts
  - - - Stool infused from healthy donor into the infected gut
    - - Re-establishes microbial diversity
      - Enables competitive exclusion
      - Barrier repair
      - Immune modulation
- - - - Stimululate production
        
        Mucus
        
        Antimicrobial peptides (AMP)
    - - Occupy niches to limit pathogen colonisation
      - Colonisation resistance
    - - Tight junction stability
      - Balanced immune responses
  - - - Epithelial
      - Mucus
    - - Secretes Antimicrobial peptides
    - - Coats microbes
      - Prevents invasion without inflammation
  - - - Induces mucus production
      - Supports gut lining
    - - Promotes anti-inflammatory states
      - Supports T-cell recognition
    - - Competitive exclusion
      - Prevents colonisation
    - - Ferments oligosaccharides
      - Produces anti-microbial compounds
- - - - Lives on / in a host, without causing harm
      - Part of the normal microbiota
    - - Disease-causing
      - Damages tissues
      - Disrupts normal function
    - - Beneficial relationship
      - "Both host & microbe benefit"
  - - - Maternal transmission
- - - - Competitive exclusion
      - Commensal
    - - Caused by
        
        Sugar
        
        Poor dental hygiene
      - Increased Streptococcus mutans
    - - Streptococcus mutans
        
        Acid / Cavities
      - Porphyromonas gingivalis
        
        Immune evasion
        
        Periodontitis
    - - Saliva
        
        IgA
      - Local inflammation
  - - - Caused by
        
        Antibiotics
        
        Hormones
      - Decreased Lactobacilli
    - - Uropathogenic E. coli
        
        Fimbriae
        
        Reservoir UTIs
      - Inflammation
        
        Increases the imbalance
    - - Neutrophils
        
        Pyuria
      - Urinary AMPs
    - - Lactobacilli dominant
        
        Acidifies urine
        
        Blocks pathogens