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Antioxidant, pro-oxidant - Coggle Diagram

- - - - α-tocopherol is the only form with effective biological activity
  - - - maintains membrane integrity
        
        donates a hydrogen atom (with electron) to lipid radicals
        
        stops free-radical chain reaction
        
        protects cell membrane (especially in lungs)
        
        protects nuclear and mitochondrial membranes and
        cellular compounds (e.g. DNA) from oxidative damage
    - - reduces platelet aggregation (inhibits protein kinase
      - required for successful reproduction
  - - - heat (e.g. deep frying)
        oxygen
        light
  - - - Hemolytic anemia
        
        Decreased oxygen delivery
        to tissues
        
        Fatigue, lethargy
    - - Preterm infants
- - - - Primary & Antioxidant
        
        working to activate protein enzymes
        
        protects cell membrane
        
        perseveres vitamin E that would have been used to
        protect cell membrane for other roles
      - Non-Antioxidants
        
        synthesizing thyroid hormones
        
        removing iodine atom from T4 and converting it into T3
        
        increasing biological activity
        
        better regulating basal metabolism, growth and
        development, and body temperature
    - - develop heart muscle diseases
        
        Cardiomyopathy
        
        Keshan’s Disease
      - develop severe joint pain
      - Not common in North America
        
        North American has a diverse diet from many crops imported from all around the world
        
        unlike areas where people consume primarily
        local foods grown on selenium-depleted soils
    - - Cause
        
        excessive intake of selenium supplements
      - Symptoms
        
        brittle nails, hair loss, neurological damage,
        fatigue, irritability
    - - Animals
        
        meats
        
        fish
        
        shellfish
        
        eggs
        
        milk
      - Plants
        
        grains
        
        seeds
        
        fresh produce grown in selenium-rich soils
    - - Selenium is a mineral
        
        minerals are not affected by heat, oxygen, or light
        
        stable to normal during food preparation processes
- - - - radiation exposure
      - excessive sunlight
      - pollution
      - toxic substances (ex. tobacco smoke)
    - - immune responses
      - oxidizing CHO, PRO, and FAT
      - production of ATP
- - - - Vitamin A = retinoids + carotenoids
        
        Beta-Carotene (a carotenoid)
        
        Retinoids (preformed vitamin A)
    - - Beta-Carotene
        
        No known toxicity
        High intake can cause Hypercarotenemia
      - Vitamin A/Retinoids
        
        Toxicity usuallycomes from supplements
    - - Beta-Carotene
        
        No known deficiency disease
        Deficiency associated with higher risk of
        heart disease and cancer
      - Vitamin A
        
        Symptoms include:
        xerothalmia
        blindness
        dry skin
        inhibited mucus production
    - - Beta-Carotene
        
        Neutralizes free radicals
        Protects Lipids in cell membranes
        Antioxidant
        Protect skin from sun damage
        Help eyes fight degeneration from aging
      - Vitamin A/Retinoids
        
        Cell differentiation and gene regulation
        Bone remodelling
        Helps immune system resist infection
        Regulates genes involved in antioxidant responses
        maintains epithelial tissues and mucous membranes
    - - Beta-Carotene (Plant foods)
        
        Carrots
        Yam
        Pumpkin
        Spinich
        Kale
        Red bell peppers
      - Vitamin A/Retinoids
        
        Liver
        Fish liver oils
        Eggs
        Butter
        Cheese
  - - - restores vitamin E to activate antioxidant form
      - keeps folate coenzyme intact (B-vitamin)
      - donates electrons to free radicals (reducing agent)
      - acts in both intracellular and extracellular fluid
    - - Collagen Synthesis
        
        prevents bruising and ensures
        proper wound healing
        
        maintains structural integrity
        of many features
        
        including connective tissues, skin tendons,
        scar tissue, blood vessels, and gum tissues
        
        important for body's protein
      - Enhances Iron absorption
        
        iron absorption of non-heme iron is increased by consuming plant foods
        
        keeps dietary iron in reduced oxidation state
    - - Ascorbic Acid (reduced)
        
        protects against oxidative damage
        by donating hydrogens to free radicals
      - Dehydroascorbic Acid (oxidized)
        
        readily accept hydrogens to
        become ascorbic acid
    - - best sources per kcalorie
        
        boiled broccoli, cabbage, fresh bell peppers, blueberries, fresh tomatoes
      - consumed freshly is best!
        
        is easily lost in food processing and cooking
        
        susceptible to heat, air, or baking soda
    - - released in excess in urine
      - megadose is greater or equal to 10x DRI
      - rebound scurvy
        
        vitamin C levels are quickly reduced to normal levels
- - - - function: reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid
        peroxides to less damaging molecules (water
        and alcohols)