Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Type 2 diabetes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - “Evidence dating back to 1993 and 2001 depression shows that the two conditions maintain a bidirectional relationship, by which diabetes contributes to and depression in those with diabetes is associated with non-adherence to diabetes treatment, increased diabetes complications, and poor glycaemic control.”
      - “Epidemiological studies show a two-times increase in depression in people with diabetes compared with the general global population, resulting in adverse effects on morbidity and mortality” (Schmitz N, Gariepy G, Smith KJ, et al. 2014)
      - “Poverty is an established contributor to increased depression and diabetes in HICs, with growing evidence for increased prevalence of diabetes among middle-income and low-income populations in LMICs.”
  - - - “VIDDA describes how political–economic and social processes shape and interact with the clustering of depression and Type 2 diabetes (hereafter, diabetes) among Mexican immigrant women.” (Mendenhall 2016: 465)
      - "Depression and diabetes comprise a biosocial feedback loop wherein they are contributors to and consequences of a stressful life.” (Mendenhall 2016: 465)
      - “The methods were designed to respond to social epidemiological studies that indicated that diabetes afﬂicts the poor in the United States (Cowie et al. 2010), that diabetes and depression have a bidirectional relationship Golden et al. 2008), and that mental health and poverty are strongly correlated (Lund et al. 2010).” (Mendenhall 2016: 465-466)
      - “There is widespread recognition in social epidemiology that obesity and diabetes incidence and prevalence is shifting from high-income to lower income populations in low- and middle-income countries (Popkin et al. 2012) and that this has contributed to increases in the diabetes–depression comorbidity among low-income populations in poor countries” (Leone et al. 2012). (Mendenhall 2016: 466-467)
      - “Not only does living with diabetes contribute to depression (Nouwen et al. 2010; Nouwen et al. 2011), but depression among those with diabetes is also associated with non adherence to diabetes treatment (Duangdao and Roesch 2008; Gonzalez et al. 2008; Iovieno et al. 2001; van der Feltz-Cornelis et al. 2010), increased diabetes complications (de Groot et al. 2001), and poor glycemic control” (Lustmanet al. 2000; Mendenhall 2016: 468)
      - “Biological and behavioral pathways also link depression to diabetes via neurohormonal pathways, alterations in glucose transport, increased immuno-inﬂammatory activation, behavioral pathways, and use of anti-depressants” (Knolet al. 2006; Mezuk et al. 2008; Musselman et al. 2003; Talbot and Nouwen 2000; Mendenhall 2016: 468).
      - “Escalating comorbidity of depression and diabetes are particularly problematic in contexts such as India, where mental health treatment programs are largely non existent and diabetes care for the poor is limited” (Patel et al. 2011; Mendenhall 2016: 468)
      - “Syndemic suffering must be realized within a speciﬁc context and, although there may be some resemblances to VIDDA, there will be important differences as diabetes emerges among low-income groups in emerging economies and intersects with depression, poverty, structural violence, social problems, and other co-occurring conditions.” (Mendenhall 2016: 468)
      - "We are beginning to see a shift in the distribution of diabetes that represents a shift previously observed in high-income countries, such as the United States, where much of the diabetes burden affects the socially disadvantaged.”
        “Such shifts in diabetes epidemiology also bring forth possibilities for increased co-occurrence of depression and diabetes.” (Mendenhall 2016: 469)
      - "We found a step-wise distribution of depression, with 55% of the lowest income group reporting depressive symptoms compared to 38% and 29% among middle- and high-income groups, respectively.” (Mendenhall 2016: 470)
      - "while one-quarter of respondents reported diabetes distress, only those from the low-income community reported co-occurring depression, and these respondents also revealed poor access to diabetes care." (Mendenhall 2016: 470)
      - "While gender-based violence, alcoholism, old age, and loneliness were stressors across income groups, they co-occurred most frequently among women with depression from the lowest income groups.” (Mendenhall 2016: 470)
      - “My research indicated not only a great burden of mental illness among women living with chronic illness, including diabetes (Mendenhall et al.2013), but also a variety of structural, social, and interpersonal factors” (Mendenhall and Norris 2015; Mendenhall 2016: 471)
      - “The majority of the women explained that many people confuse diabetes and HIV, or believe that diabetes is the same or worse than HIV/AIDS because of its unfamiliarity.” (Mendenhall 2016: 472)
      - “Moreover, diabetes had become a crutch for AIDS stigma, as women grieved that many people with AIDS would say that their daily medication was for diabetes; therefore, my interlocutors believed that others perceived that their illness was AIDS itself, as opposed to diabetes” (Mendenhall and Norris 2015; Mendenhall 2016: 472).
        
        “This introduces a new phenomenon of a catchall “chronic illness” stigma.”
      - "I demonstrated how the VIDDA syndemic brings together lived realities of structural violence, abuse, immigration, depression, and diabetes among Mexican immigrants in Chicago.” (Mendenhall 2016: 472)
      - “Despite many similarities found in the lived experiences of poverty, depression, and diabetes in India and South Africa, locally determined social and psychological factors cultivate sundry realities.” (Mendenhall 2016: 472)
    - - “Results from 47 independent samples showed that depression was significantly associated with nonadherence to the diabetes treatment regimen (z = 9.97, P < 0.0001).”
      - “Effect sizes were largest for missed medical appointments and composite measures of self-care (r values = 0.31, 0.29)”
      - “Patients with diabetes are more likely to experience depression than the general population, and the pres- ence of depression is associated with poorer quality of life (1), increases in hyperglycemia (2), health care utilization (3), risk of complications (4,5), functional impairment (6), and risk of mortality (5).”
      - “We examined whether the association between depression and worse self-care varied as a function of the type of self-care assessed (i.e., composite measure of multiple self-care behaviors, medical appointment attendance, diet, medication adherence, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, foot care).”
        “The results of this meta-analysis, based on 47 independent samples totaling over 17,000 patients, suggest that depression is significantly associated with nonadherence to diabetes self-care with an effect of moderate strength relative to the range of effect sizes typical in the social sciences.”
      - “Patients with increased levels of depression have been shown to report more dissatisfaction with their providers (Gonzales et al 2008: 27).”
        
        “Considering that missed appointments are also often associated with increased provider frustration (28), decreased empathy and patient-provider communication (29), and less continuity of care (29), this relationship may have important ramifications for depressed patients with diabetes.”
    - - Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence: A Meta-Analysis. Gonzales et al 2008: 2398-2403
        
        “In a questionnaire and interview-based study, a sample of male and female patients (n = 341 type 1, n = 322 type 2) was assessed for the following eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified.” (OSFED)
        
        “The overall prevalence range of current EDs was 5.9-8.0% (lifetime prevalence 10.3-14.0%).”
        
        “When patients were stratified according to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in prevalence of EDs.”
        
        “However, the distribution of the EDs was different in both types of diabetes, with a predominance of binge eating disorder in the type 2 diabetes sample.”
        
        “Binge eating disorder seems to precede type 2 diabetes in most patients and could be one of the causes of obesity that often precedes type 2 diabetes."
        
        “Binge eating disorder (BED) has been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes. This is of considerable interest, particularly since this ED might have a deleterious effect on glycemic control.”
        
        “Type 1 (5.9%) and type 2 (2.2%) diabetic patients reported deliberate omission of hyperglycemic drugs (insulin or oral agents) in order to lose weight.”
        
        “In a large population of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, particular attention was accorded to a possible correlation between metabolic control and the comorbidity of EDs.”
        
        “A total of 20 (5.9%) type 1 diabetic (19 female and 1 male) and 7 (2.2%) type 2 diabetic patients (4 female and 3 male; 4 insulin-requiring) reported omitting insulin or oral antidiabetic agents.” (Gonzales et al 2008: 37)
        
        “BED was the most diagnosed ED in the overweight and obese type 2 diabetes sample (60.0%).”
        
        “Of type 2 diabetic patients, 89.3% developed an ED before their diabetes was diagnosed.”
        
        “In the overweight, type 2 diabetic patients of both sexes have the highest prevalence of BED, indicating a trend toward a positive relationship between BMI and binge-eating status.”
        
        “nearly 90% of type 2 diabetic patients developed an ED before the illness was diagnosed.”
    - - “We focus on type 2 diabetes and discuss how mental illness and infectious disease can cluster with metabolic conditions in both high-income countries (HICs) and low income and middle-income countries (LMICs).”
      - “Epidemiological studies show a two-times increase in depression in people with diabetes compared with the general global population, resulting in adverse effects on morbidity and mortality” (Schmitz N, Gariepy G, Smith KJ, et al. 2014)
      - “Evidence dating back to 1993 and 2001 depression shows that the two conditions maintain a bidirectional relationship, by which diabetes contributes to and depression in those with diabetes is associated with non-adherence to diabetes treatment, increased diabetes complications, and poor glycaemic control.”
      - “Depression and diabetes also share biological origins particularly the activation of innate immunity that leads to a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response, alterations in glucose transport, and potentially through dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, as well as behavioural patterns, including consumption of high-caloric foods, low engagement in physical activity, and use of antidepressants that enhance weight gain, and social factors that promote stress, eating, and reduced physical activity.”
      - “Untreated depression is a risk factor for diabetes through behavioural pathways including poor diet, limited exercise, and other vulnerability behaviours.”
      - “Poverty is an established contributor to increased depression and diabetes in HICs, with growing evidence for increased prevalence of diabetes among middle-income and low-income populations in LMICs.”
  - - - “Poverty is one of the most significant causes of health inequalities in the UK and is a major factor in underpinning inequities in diabetes risk, care and outcomes” (Diabetes UK 2022: 1)
      - “Poverty is one of the most significant causes of health inequalities in the UK and is a major factor in underpinning inequities in diabetes risk, care and outcomes” (Diabetes UK 2022: 1)
      - “Rising cost of living, pushing up food and fuel costs, will result in more people falling into poverty” (Diabetes UK 2022: 1)
    - - “the gaps in provisioning (in this case, of food) left by welfare reform and state spending cuts in the UK under the guise of austerity are engendering new forms of responsibility that are unevenly distributed and performed—often by those already excluded, marginalised and impoverished”
      - “cuts and welfare reform is spreading the material-economic burden of austerity unevenly across the United Kingdom”
      - “ethical responsibility and accountability [are] pushed away from state bodies and institutions that are failing to cope with rapidly diminishing budgets”
        
        “One clear modality here is the localisation of responsibility.”
      - “deprived areas in the UK are more reliant upon public sector funding streams to sustain the non-state actors that aim to balance 'philanthropic insufficiency', a factor amplified by the elevated level of need in more socially and economically excluded communities”
        
        “Such a territorial reworking of the state is thus engendering more stark gaps in both provisioning and responsibility for more deprived places"
      - “There is a clear correlation between food banking and austerity policies”
        
        “Food banking in the UK has rapidly expanded since the financial crisis of 2008, and more specifically since the introduction of austerity policies from 2011 onwards”
        
        “over 1.3 million packages of three-days’ worth of emergency food were distributed between April 2017 and 2018 alone (compared to 61,468 in 2010/11 just prior to the Welfare Reform Act of 2012—an almost twenty-fold increase)” ( Trussell Trust 2018)
      - “There is a marked spatial and temporal pattern to the distribution of items from food banks in the UK”
        
        “Most distinct has been the growth in the prevalence and usage of food banks in correlation with austerity” (Lambie-Mumford and Dowler, 2014, Livingstone, 2015)
        
        “larger families with children of four or more are much more likely to use a food bank” (Lambie Mumford and Green 2015)
        
        “three-quarters of these households contained at least one person with an illness or disability” (Loopstra and Lalor's 2017)
        
        “‘lone parents and their children are particularly vulnerable to needing food banks’, and, given that 92% of lone parents are women (Fawcett Society, 2012), it is clear that food bank usage is intimately connected with existing gender inequalities”
    - - “Poverty is an established contributor to increased depression and diabetes in HICs, with growing evidence for increased prevalence of diabetes among middle-income and low-income populations in LMICs.”
      - “Globally, diabetes intersects with chronic depression more frequently in low-income populations because of the strong relationship between depression and poverty and the stresses linked to poor access to, and extraordinary costs of, diabetes care.”
      - “Globally, diabetes intersects with chronic depression more frequently in low-income populations because of the strong relationship between depression and poverty and the stresses linked to poor access to, and extraordinary costs of, diabetes care.”
- - - - “Overall levels of deprivation in Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester were almost identical, with almost one-quarter of the total population in each city classed as income deprived: 24.8%; 24.6%; and 23.4%, respectively.” (Walsh et al 2010: 489)