Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Experiment
        
        Can be controlled experiment
        
        Variables
        
        Independent variables
        
        Dependent variables
      - Observations
        
        Questions
        
        Hypothesis
        
        Predictions
        
        Test
        
        Conclusion
        
        1 more item...
        
        example
        
        1 more item...
        
        More specific than theory
        
        Theory
  - - - Deductive Reasoning
      - Inductive reasoning
    - - Quantitative
      - Qualitative
- - - - Reproduction
        
        Energy processing
        
        Response to environment
        
        Growth&development
        
        Order
        
        Evolution
        
        1 more item...
  - - - emergent properties
        
        because of
        
        Hydrogen bonds
        
        Strong IMFs
        
        Moderation of temperature
        
        High specific heat
        
        measures thermal energy
        
        which is
        
        sum of kinetic energy of particle
        
        the transfer of energy
        
        Heat
        
        More heat to raise liquid Temperature by 1 Celsius
        
        Evaporative cooling
        
        Higher kinetic energy particles leave
        
        Cool remains
        
        High evaporative cooling
        
        Ice floating on liquid
        
        Ice is less dense
        
        More space between hydrogen bonds
        
        In aqueous solution
        
        Powerful solvent
        
        dissolves solutes using hydration shell
        
        Solution
        
        solvent
        
        solute
        
        example
        
        units
        
        Molarity
        (mol solute/Liter solution)
        
        Cohesion
        
        results
        
        surface tension
        
        allows aquatic
        
        Achieves transportation defying gravity
        
        with
        
        Adhesion
        
        water-surface attachment
        
        water-water attachment
      - pH=7
        
        neutral
        
        pH scale
        
        measure of acidity or basicity in solution
        
        Acid: pH<7
        
        Base: pH>7
        
        Resistance changing pH
        
        Buffer
        
        weak base + weak acid
        
        negative changes of pH
        
        ocean acidification
      - if affinity to water
        
        Hydrophilic
      - If no affinity to water
        
        Hydrophobic
  - - - Types
        
        Proteins
        
        Monomers: amino acids
        
        Polymers: polypeptide
        
        peptide bonds
        
        Structure built
        
        2 more items...
        
        make Enzymes
        
        natural catalysts
        
        Break chains
        
        1 more item...
        
        Build chains
        
        1 more item...
        
        Study of proteins
        
        Proteomics
        
        can make dimers
        
        Denaturalization
        
        Caused by changes in
        
        Temperature
        
        Salt concentration
        
        pH
        
        structure falls apart
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Monomers: monossacharides
        
        Polymers: polysaccharides
        
        Glycosidic linkage holds them
        
        Disaccharides (2 monomers)
        
        Maltose
        
        Ring Structures
        
        Fuel, building material
        
        glycogen
        
        cellulose
        
        Nucleic Acids
        
        Monomer: nucleotides
        
        Polymer: nucleic acids/ polinucleics
        
        Types
        
        DNA
        
        Sugar: deoxyribose
        
        double stranded
        
        2 more items...
        
        In genes
        
        Wrapped inside chromosomes
        
        complete set: genome
        
        1 more item...
        
        RNA
        
        Sugar: ribose
        
        single stranded
        
        1 more item...
        
        Different nitrogenous base
        
        Pyramidine
        
        A, G
        
        Purine
        
        U, T, C
        
        Lipids
        
        All hydrophobic
        
        Phospholipid
        
        2 fatty acids+Glycerol
        
        Hydrocarbon chains
        
        1 more item...
        
        bilayer
        
        Fats
        
        3 fatty acids+Glycerol
        
        Saturated fatty acids
        
        single bonds
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids
        
        double bonds
        
        Trans fats
        
        1 more item...
        
        Steroids
        
        Ring structures
        
        make cholesterol
      - contain
- - - - Community
        
        Population
        
        Organism
        
        Organ
        
        Tissue
        
        Cell
        
        4 more items...
- - - - elements
        
        trace elements
        
        F, I, Fe
        
        abundant in: C, N, O, H
        
        Carbon
        
        makes
        
        Organic compounds
        
        Unique structures
        
        Carbon can make 4 bonds
        
        Isomers
        
        3 more items...
        
        studied in
        
        Organic chemistry
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hydrocarbons
        
        Fuel
        
        Fuctional groups
        
        Hydroxyl
        
        1 more item...
    - - Inside nucleus
        
        Protons
        
        indicates atomic number
        
        Neutrons
        
        variation of neutrons
        
        Isotopes
        
        If unstable: Radioactive isotope
        
        Large release of energy
        
        used in radiometric dating
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sum of both: atomic mass
      - Electrons
        
        resides in
        
        Orbital
        
        represented as
        
        electron shell
        
        Held by potential energy from nucleus
        
        Valance electrons determine compounds
    - - Chemical bonds
        
        Covalent Bonds
        
        make
        
        based on Electronegativity
        
        Polar covalent bonds
        
        Nonpolar covalent bonds
        
        share electrons
        
        single, double, triple
        
        Ionic bonds
        
        Ion
        
        Anion
        
        Cation
        
        Salts
        
        To make/break
        
        Chemical reactions
        
        reactants ---> products
        
        some achieve chemical equilibrium