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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nasal cavity/Phaynx
        
        Larynx
        
        Trachea
        
        Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Bronchi
        
        Conducting/Terminal Bronchioles
        
        Respiratory Bronchioles
        
        1 more item...
    - - Conducting zones
        
        Air transport, adjusting temperature, Humidfying, filtration
        
        Pseudostratified cillated columnar epthithelium
        
        Extensive cilla, globlet cells for mucus secrection
        
        Mucocllatory escalator
        
        Cartilage present
      - Respiratory zones
        
        Transtion to simple squamos epithelium
        
        cillia dissappear in ducts,sac, replaced dust cells
        
        NO cartilage, extensive elastic fibers and capillaries
        
        Site for gas exchange
  - - - Intrapleural pressure
        
        -4mmHg/756mmHg
        
        luid pressure in the thin space between the visceral pleura lining the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the chest wal
      - Transpulmonary pressure
        
        Palv-Pip
      - Alveolar/Intrapumonary pressure
        
        760mmHg/0mmHg
        
        pressure of air inside the lung alveoli
      - Atmospheric/Barometric pressure
        
        760mmHg/0mmHg
        
        Patm/Pb O2-> 0.21X760=160mmHg
        
        pressure exerted by the weight of the surrounding air molecules in the atmosphere
      - Transthoracic pressure
        
        Pip-Patm
      - Transrespiratory pressure
        
        Palv-Patm
      - Q=P/R
        P1V1=P2V2
    - - inspiration: movement of air in
        
        quite, muscles invloved diaphragm extrernal intercoastal
        
        forced, muscles invloved
        
        thoracic and lung volume increases during inspiration, alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
      - expiration
        
        forced,muscles inloved-
        
        quite, its a passive moevement, no muscle is involved, relies on the elastic recoil of the lung.
        
        lung volume decreases during expiration, the gas inside the alveoli is compressed, causing alveolar pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure
- - - - PROPERTIES
        
        Thin walls- 1 cell thick, minizise diffusion distance
        
        Rich capillary network, maintain constant blood flow
        
        Moist lining, for effiecent gas exchange
        
        large surface area (300 million alveoli in lung)
      - TYPES OF CELL
        
        Epithelial cells
        
        Type I
        
        squmous cells
        
        For gas exchange
        
        Type II
        
        cubodial cells
        
        Production and secretion of surfcant
        
        function, reduce surface tension, to prevent alveoli from collapseing during expiration (atelectasis)
        
        laplace law P=2T/V
        
        CR: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, type II
        
        a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, other lipids and proteins
        
        Dusk cells
        
        Function are alveolar macrophages that taking in debris and pathogen from alveoli to lung
      - Clinical relevance
        
        Atelectasis
        
        Collapse of alveoli
        
        Pneumonia
        
        alveoli are filled with fluid, increase diffusion distance
        
        Emphysema
        
        destruction of alveolar wall, Chronic inflammation cause the release of elastates that eat way at elastin fibers.
    - - PROPERTIES
        
        thin wall- 1 cell thick endothelium
        
        Densely packed around alveoli
      - FUNCTION
        
        Metabolic activity
        
        production of ACE for RAAS
        
        Filtration
        
        Gas exchange
      - PATHWAY
        
        R.ventricle
        
        Pulmonary artery
        
        Small arteries
        
        Arterioles
        
        Pulmonary capillaries
  - - - Surfcanct layer
      - 2.Alveolar epthithelium layer
      - Epithelial basement membrane
      - 4.Interstial space
      - Capillary basement membrane
      - Capillary endothelium
    - - Pulmonary Fibrosis
        
        Thickening of basement membranes,a ffect diffusion distance
      - Plumonary edema
        
        affected Interstial space with increased fluid, affect diffsuion distance
    - - In Alveoli
        
        CO2 40mmHg
        
        O2 100mmHg
        
        H20
      - In Pulmomary capillaries
        
        CO2 46mmHg
        
        O2 40mmHg
        
        H20 47mmHg
      - Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures exerted by each gas in that mixture. Ptotal=P1+P2+P3
      - Calculating Partial Pressure
        
        For Dry Air: barometric pressureX fractional conc of gas Dry O2= 769X0.21=160mmHg
        
        For Humidified Air (e.g., in human airways at 37°C):Air becomes saturated with water vapor (PH20 = 47mmHg), which dilutes the other gases. PX=(PB-PH2O)X FX. e.g (760-47)x0.21=150mmHg
      - Partial pressure (PX) is the pressure that an individual gas in a gas mixture would exert if it occupied the total volume of the mixture alone. The difference in partial pressures drives diffusion.
      - LAWS
        
        HENRY
        
        Pressure pushes gas into the liquid.
        Solubility determines how easily it goes in
        
        CO₂ can dissolve and diffuse through the liquid much more easily than O₂
        
        Gas dissolves in liquid according to its partial pressure + solubility
        
        DALTON
        
        Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures exerted by each gas in that mixture. Ptotal=P1+P2+P3
        
        FICKE'S
        
        Rate of diffusion
        
        : Surface area
        
        Emphysema, where the alveolar walls actually break down and disappear!
        
        : Diffusion constant (solubility/molecular weight)
        
        : Partial pressure gradient
        
        what is the partial pressure gradient driving oxygen into the blood, and what would happen to that gradient if you climbed to the top of Mount Everest (where the atmospheric pressure is much lower)?
        
        3 more items...
        
        : Thickness of the membrane
        
        Pulmonary Edema, fluid accumulates in the interstitial space between the alveoli and the capillaries. This physically increases the distance the oxygen molecules have to travel to get into the blood.
        
        CO2 PARADOX
        
        The gradient for is only 6 mmHg (much smaller than the 60 mmHg for oxygen!). Yet, manages to diffuse out of the blood just as easily as enters.the gradient is lower but the solubilty act like a lubricant.
  - - - Minute
        
        total volume of air breathed per minute
      - Alveolar
        
        actual amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. (Tidal volume - Dead space) X respiratory rate
    - - Normal V/Q=0.8-1.0
        
        For efficient gas exchange, the air reaching the alveoli shoud equal the blood flow
      - Shunt V/Q=0
        
        Blood is wasted. Ventilation is zero, meaning... Blood flow is present but the alveoli having the oxygen aren't accessible(ventilation is absent). blood stay deoxygenated
        
        WHY? Mucus plug, foreign body
      - Dead space V/Q=∞
        
        Air is wasted. Perfusion is zero meaning...Ventilation is present, the alveoli have oxygen is abudance. The however cannot reach the alveoli, the perfusion is abesent
        
        WHY? Blood clot->plumonary embolism
        
        Types of dead spaces
        
        anatomical- this is NORMAL. refer to vol of trachea, bronchi, where gas exchange cannot take place due to lack of respiratory membrane
        
        Physiological- total wasted ventilation. included anatomic dead space PLUS any alveoli that are being ventilated but with blood flow. e.g embolism
    - - Middle V=Q
      - Base Low V/Q ratio, because of gravity the blood is concentrated at he base, and ventilation is also sufficient but the increased blood results in- V<Q
      - Apex High V/Q ratio, because of gravity the blood cannot reach the top, concentrated at the base, but ventilation is there so V>Q
  - - - 98% via Hb
        
        1g of Hb=1.34ml of O2
      - 2% directly in plasma
        
        0.003ml of O2
    - - Carbon monoxide binds to Hb 240 times than O2.
        Act like a competitve inhibitor,
        
        displace O2
        2 Changes the shape of Hb
        
        O bind tighly to Hb, not easily release
        
        despite O2 being available CANNOT be released.
        
        shhift curve to the left
    - - partial pressure of oxygen at which Hb is 50% saturated.
    - - oxygen in blood as being in two forms:
        
        🩸 Hb-bound O₂ → attached to haemoglobin
        
        🫧 Dissolved O₂ → freely floating in plasma.Only dissolved O2 contributes to PO2
  - - - Dissolved CO2 10%
        
        This CO2 is directly in plasma, unreacted with water.
      - Carbaminohaemoglobin 20%
      - Bicarbonate 70%
        
        carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid that further dissaciates into hydrogen ions and biarbonate. Leave cell enter plasma, from plasma travel to lungs to be exhaled. Enzyme involved is carbonic anhydrase.
    - - Partial pressure of CO2 is high, increase in pH due to high Hydrogen ions, result in decreased in O2 affinity of Hb
      - shift curve to the right
    - - Hamburger phenomenon; the exchange of biocarbinate with chloride
      - Process:, due to increased conc of CO2, there is an increase in bicarbonate, so it moves out of the RBcell, making it less negative, to maintain electric balance chloride moves in. Water moves in as well , this cause swell of RBC. Venous RBC are larger than aterial RBC, due to high CO2 conc.
    - - Deoxygenated Hb has a high affinity for CO2 than oxygenated Hb, facilitating uptake in tissues and release in lungs
    - - Respiratory acidosis
        
        resultfrom short term in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to hypoventilation leading to decrease in blood pH
  - - - Hb low affinity for O2 CADET: increase in CO2, bohr effect
    - - Hb high affinity for O2, holds tight, in fetal Hb and in decrease of temp