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Biology Unit 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - chromosomes
        
        homologous chromosomes
        
        sister chromatids
        
        centromeres
        
        telomeres
        
        gene loci
        
        alleles
        
        meiosis
        
        variation
        
        crossing over
        
        independent assortment
        
        random fertilisation
        
        spermatogensis
        
        oogenesis
        
        chromosome abnormalities
        
        insertions, deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, aneuploidy
        
        human karyotype
        
        genetic disorder
        
        inheritance
        
        allele
        
        homozygous
        
        heterozygous
        
        autosomal
        
        autosomal dominant
        
        homozygous
        
        homozygous dominant
        
        autosomal recessive
        
        heterozygous recessive
        
        sex-linked
        
        x-linked dominant
        
        x-linked recessive
        
        y-linked
        
        polygenic, multple-allele inheritance
        
        punnett squares
      - pre-mRNA
        
        splicing
        
        mRNA
        
        tRNA
        
        polypeptide
        
        point + frameshift mutations
      - hox genes
      - allele
    - - circular structure
    - - mitochondria + chloroplasts
    - - DNA helicase
        
        free nucleotides
        
        leading strand
        
        lagging strand
        
        DNA polymerase
        
        DNA
        
        1 more item...
    - - nitrogenous base
        
        complementary base pairing
      - sugar
        
        hydrogen bonds
      - phosphate
    - - restriction enzymes
      - plasmids
      - DNA ligase
- - - - microevolution
        
        mutation
        
        gene flow
        
        geographic isolation
        
        allopatric speciation
        
        macroevolution
        
        DNA hybridisation - comparative genomics
        
        cladograms, phylograms and molecular sequence data
        
        2 more items...
        
        behavioral isolation and random polyploidy
        
        sympatric speciation
        
        niche differentiation across an environmental gradient
        
        parapatric speciation
        
        reduced genetic diversity
        
        extinction
        
        genetic drift
        
        species diversification
        
        convergent
        
        divergent
        
        parallel
        
        coevolution