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Reproduction, defense against diseases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Process of fertilization:
        
        1) sperm meets egg
        2) sperm head's acrosome release acrosin
        3) acrosin breaks through membrane zona
        4) sperm and egg fuse
        5) zona hardens to prevent polyspermy
    - - plant structure:
        
        carpel (female)
        
        stigma
        
        where pollen meets carpel
        
        style
        
        pollen tubules travel down the style
        
        ovary
        
        holds ovules
        
        ovule
        
        "egg"
        
        ovum
        
        stamen (male)
        
        anther
        
        filament
      - sexual reproduction
        
        cross polination
        
        3 parts:
        
        production of male and female gametes
        
        pollination
        
        fertilization
        
        seed and fruit formation
        
        seed dispersal
        
        germination
        
        methods
        
        pollen and stigma mature at different times in the same flower
        
        seperate male and female flowers
        
        seperate male and female plants
        
        self incompatability
        
        self polination
        
        decrease ability to adapt to environment changes
        
        smaller size
        
        fewer seeds
        
        increased susceptibility to diseases
  - - - small mobile gametes
      - less food reserves
      - quantity
      - less energy on each gameteand less parental care
    - - components:
        
        acrosome
        
        haploid nucleus
        
        mid piece
        
        flagellum/tail
    - - Testes x2
        
        produces sperm cells
        
        produces tetosterone
        
        production happens at lower temperature so rests outside theo body
        
        resides in scrotum
      - Epididymis
        
        produces and stores sperm cells
      - vas deferens (sperm duct)
        
        carriers sperm form the epididymis to its junction with the urethra
      - seminal vesicles x2
        
        secretes fructose (food reserves)
      - cowper's gland
        
        secretes mucus rich fluids to protect semen from acids (from urine) in the urethra (urine channel)
      - penis
        
        deposits sperm into vagina, contains urethra
      - urethra
        
        carries semen and unine
  - - - FSH
        (from pituitary gland)
        
        Effect: stimulates follicle growth
        
        Effects on other hormones: stimulates production of estradiol
      - estradiol
        (from follicle cells in ovary)
        
        Effect: stimulates repair of uterus lining
        
        Effect on other hormones:
        at medium-high concentration- inhibits FSH
        at peak concentration- causes FSH and LH to surge
      - progesterone
        (from corpus luteum in ovary)
        
        Effect: maintains thickness of lining
        
        Effect on other hormones: inhibits FSH and LH
      - LH
        (from pituitary gland)
        
        Effect: stimulates ovulation
        
        Effect on other hormones: stimulate production of pregesterone
    - - produce fewer, larger gametes
      - more food resources
      - invest quality and survival of offspring (not all, namely turtles and seahorse)
      - more energy invested in each gamete and more childcare
    - - ovary
      - fallopian tube/oviduct
      - endometrium
      - cervix
      - vagi
    - - Components:
        
        polar body
        
        zona pellucida
        
        haploid nucleus
        
        layer of follicle cells
        
        cortical granules
  - - - time and energy to mate and childcare
      - small population
    - - variation and diversity
      - able to adapt to enviromental changes
      - eliminates harmful mutations over time (NS)
      - defense against parasites and diseases
- - - - does not require special cells
      - less energy
      - fast (efficient)
      - beneficial for organisms well adapted to enviroment
    - - limited ability to adapt
      - due off risk
      - identical, no variation
        
        risk of disease affecting whole population
- - - - drugs prevent GnRH (hormone that triggers puberty and causes FSH and LH) produced in hypothalamus
      - pituitary stops producing FSH and LH, stopping menstrual cycle
    - - FSH administered to stimulate multiple eggs
    - - similar to LH but has longer half life
- - - - macrophage
    - - T-cell
        
        helper T-cell
        
        helper T-cells recognise antigen presented
        
        memory T-cell
      - B-cell
        
        plasma B-cell
        
        memory B-cell