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Chapter Thirteen: Qualitative Analysis - Coggle Diagram
Chapter Thirteen:
Qualitative Analysis
the analysis of qualitative data such as text data from interview transcripts
Grounded Theory:
inductive technique of interpreting recorded data about a social phenomenon to build theories about that phenomenon
requires that researchers suspend any pre-existing theoretical expectations or biases before data analysis, and let the data dictate the formulation of the theory
three coding techniques/phases for analyzing text data
1. Open Coding:
a process aimed at identifying concepts or key ideas that are hidden within textual data
2. Axial Coding:
second phase of grounded theory;
categories and subcategories are assembled into causal relationships or hypotheses that can tentatively explain the phenomenon of interest
3. Selective Coding:
identifying a central category or a core variable, and systematically and logically relating this central category to other categories
open, axial, and selective coding may proceed simultaneously
continues until
theoretical saturation
is reached
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After a Grounding Theory is generated, it must be refined for internal consistency and logic
Techniques to identify key categories that are conditions, action/interactions, and consequences of the core category
Storylining:
categories and relationships are used to explicate and/or refine a story of the observed phenomenon
Memoing:
the process of using memos to discover patterns and relationships between categories using two-by-two tables, diagrams, or figures, or other illustrative displays
Concept mapping:
graphical representation of concepts and relationships between those concepts
Next: similar concepts are grouped into higher order categories
While concepts may be context-specific, categories tend to be broad and generalizable
Content Analysis:
systematic analysis of the content of a text—who says what, to whom, why, and to what extent and with what effect—in a quantitative or qualitative manner
Process:
researcher begins by sampling a selected set of texts from the population of texts for analysis
researcher identifies and applies rules to divide each text into segments or ‘chunks’ that can be treated as separate units of analysis -
unitizing
researcher constructs and applies one or more concepts to each unitized text segment in a process called
coding
coded data is analysed, often both quantitatively and qualitatively, to determine which themes occur most frequently, in what contexts, and how they are related to each other
sentiment analysis:
simple type of content analysis; technique used to capture people’s opinion or attitude toward an object, person, or phenomenon
Content analysis is frequently criticized for lacking systematic procedures to make it replicable
Content Analysis Limitations:
coding process is restricted to the information available in text form
sampling must be done carefully to avoid sampling bias
Hermeneutic Analysis:
special type of content analysis where the researcher tries to interpret the subjective meaning of a given text within its sociohistoric context; truly interpretive technique for analysing qualitative data
assumes that written texts narrate an author’s experience within a sociohistoric context, and should be interpreted as such
traditional hermeneutics - such as biblical - derived from religious studies and linguistics
philosophical hermeneutics:
focus shifted from interpretation to existential understanding
Contemporary hermeneutics:
further examined the limits of written texts for communicating social experiences, and went on to propose a framework of the interpretive process, encompassing all forms of communication
standard software programs, such as ATLAS.ti.5, NVivo, and QDA Miner, can be used to automate coding processes in qualitative research methods
quickly and efficiently organise, search, sort, and process large volumes of text data using user-defined rules
cannot decipher the meaning behind certain words or phrases or the context within which these words or phrases are used which may lead to significant misinterpretation