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Integumentary System Monika Garcia, Period…
Integumentary System Monika Garcia, Period 1
Layers of the skin
Dermis
Papillary Layer: It is a superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, intercalating collagen and elastin fibers. Dermal papillae lies on top of dermal ridges which send finger like projections that enchance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch, and sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint patterns.
Reticular Layer: Makes up 80% of the dermal thickness and consist of dense fibrous connective tissue, with elastin and collagen fibers. The elastic fibers provide flexibility and collagen provides strength and resiliency.
Epidermis
Stratum Granulosum: Four to six Cells thick, but Cells are flattened, so layer is thin. Cells produce keratin and help create a waterproof barrier.
Stratum Corneum: 20-30 rows of dead kerantinized cells, that form a protective barrier to prevent water loss, and acts as a barrier aginst biological, chemical, and physical assaults.
Stratum Spinosum: Consists of several cells layers thick and the keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey. Provides strength and contains cells involved in immune defense.
Stratum Lucidum: Thin layer found in thick skin , such as the palms and soles.Consists of transculent band of two to three rows of dead, flat keratinocytes.
Stratum Basale: The deepest epidermis layer and is firmly attached to the dermis. It consists of a single row of cells that actively divide(miotic).
Hypodermis( Superficial fascia): Subcutaneous layer deep into the skin and consist mostly of adipose tissues that absorbs shock and insulates. Anchors the skin to underlying structures such as muscles.
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Skin Cancer
Melanoma: It is the most dangerous type because it is resistant to chemotherapy and is highly metastatic. It can be treated with surgical excision along with immunotherapy.
Squamous cell carcinoma: It is the second most common type and it causes the skin to reddened on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands.
Basal Cell carcinoma: It is the least malignant and most common skin Cancer, it slowly invades the dermis and hypodermis and could be cured by surgical excision.
ABCD rule
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B- borderirregularity, exhibits identations.
C- Color, contains several colors such as red, clack, brow, blue, or tan
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Other Dissorders:
Acne: Common condition involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. It causes pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads.
Athlete’s Foot: Fungal infection that usually affects the skin between the toes. Can cause itching, burning, and peeling.
Eczema: Causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
Can cause redness and irritation
Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin.
Can cause redness, itching, swelling, or irritation.
Accessory Organs:
Nails:
Made mostly of keratin, a strong protein.
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Glands
Sebaceous glands — produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and protects the skin and hair.
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Apocrine sweat glands — produce a thicker secretion and are mainly found in areas such as the armpits and groin; become active during puberty.
Hair
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Arrector pili muscle — causes hairs to stand up, creating goosebumps.
Functions: Protection, sensation, and limited insulation.