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Geogrophy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Also called hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones
      - Can produce very strong winds, heavy rainfall and storm surges
      - Usually form between 5° and 30° north/south of the Equator
      - Need sea temperatures of about 27°C or higher
      - Huge rotating storms that form over warm tropical oceans
    - - Warm ocean and lots of evaporation
      - Warm, moist air rises
      - Rising air creates an area of low pressure
      - Air moves towards the low pressure and begins to rotate
      - Coriolis effect causes the rotation
      - Condensation releases heat, giving the storm more energy
      - Low wind shear allows the storm to grow vertically
      - A calm eye forms in the centre
      - Strongest winds and rain occur around the eyewall
    - - Heavy rainfall
        Very strong winds
        Storm surges
        Coastal flooding
        Buildings damaged
        Crops destroyed
        Power and communication failures
        Roads and transport disrupted
    - - Location
        
        USA Louisiana,Mississippi and surrounding areas
        
        Date - 29 August 2005
        
        New Orleans was badly affected
      - Impacts
        
        Social
        
        About 1,800 people died
        
        More than 250,000 people were displaced
        
        Large numbers of homes were destroyed or made uninhabitable
        
        Economic
        
        Around $108 billion in damage in 2005 dollars
        
        Roads, bridges, homes and infrastructure were badly damaged
        
        Environmental
        
        Huge areas flooded
        
        Storm surge reached 25–28 ft above normal tide levels along parts of the Mississippi coast
      - Why was New Orleans badly flooded
        
        Parts of New Orleans are below sea level
        
        Levees protecting the city were overtopped and breached
        
        Storm surge entered the city
        
        Around 80% of New Orleans was underwater by 31 August
      - Responses
        
        Immediate
        
        Evacuations
        Search and rescue
        Emergency shelters
        Food water and medical supplies
        National Guard and emergency services helped
        
        Long term
        
        Rebuilt damaged infrastructure
        Improved flood protection
        Worked to strengthen hurricane and flood preparations
    - - Cause
        
        High pressure developed over Scandinavia
        
        Cold air moved west from Siberia/Eurasia
        
        Strong easterly winds brought very cold air to the UK
        
        Snow increased when the cold air travelled over the North Sea
      - Impacts
        
        Heavy snowfall
        
        Temperatures below freezing
        
        Roads closed
        
        Trains cancelled
        
        Flights disrupted
        
        Thousands of schools closed
        
        Power cuts
        
        Emergency services struggled to reach some areas
      - Responses
        
        Snow ploughs and gritters
        
        Roads cleared
        
        Schools and airports temporarily closed
        
        Emergency services assisted isolated communities
        
        Weather warnings helped people prepar
    - - Causes
        
        Very heavy and prolonged rainfall
        
        Exceptionally wet winter
        
        Flat, low-lying land
        
        Poor drainage
        
        Rivers struggled to carry the extra water
      - Impacts
        
        Around 65 km² was covered by floodwater
        
        Around 100 million m³ of water affected the area
        
        Homes, farms, roads and businesses were affected
        
        Some communities were isolated
        
        Farming was badly disrupted
      - Responses
        
        Long term
        
        Rivers were dredged
        
        Flood defences improved
        
        Better flood monitoring
        
        A 20-Year Flood Action Plan was developed
        
        Immediate
        
        Pumps used to remove water
        
        Emergency services helped residents
        
        Evacuations in some areas
        
        Supplies delivered to isolated communities
  - - - Satellites
      - Radar
      - Weather stations
      - Computer models
      - Early warnings
    - - Flood barriers
      - Levees
      - Sea walls
      - Stronger buildings
      - Better drainage
    - - Evacuation plans
      - Emergency shelters
      - Emergency supplies
      - Public education
      - Weather warning systems
    - - Building away from high risk areas
      - Improving flood defences
      - Designing infrastructure to cope with extreme weather
- - - - Natural hazards caused by movement of tectonic plates
      - examples
        
        Volcanoes
        
        Earthquakes
        
        Tsunamis
      - Most happen around plate boundaries
    - - Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
      - Heat from the Earth's interior causes material to rise and sink
      - Plates move very slowly, usually a few cm per year
    - - Constructive
        
        Plates move apart
        
        Magma rises to fill the gap
        
        New crust is created
        
        Can cause volcanic activity and earthquakes
        
        Example
        
        Mid Atlantic Ridge
      - Collision
        
        Plates slide past each other
        
        No crust is created or destroyed
        
        Friction causes pressure to build up
        
        Example
        
        San Andreas Fault
        
        Sudden movement causes earthquakes
      - Destructive
        
        Plates move towards each other
        
        One plate may be forced beneath another
        
        Example
        
        Pacific Ring of Fire
        
        This is called subduction
        
        Causes powerful earthquakes
        
        Can create volcanoes
    - - How do they happen
        
        Plates become locked because of friction
        
        Pressure builds up
        
        Eventually the plates suddenly move
        
        Energy is released as seismic waves
        
        The underground starting point is the focus
        
        The point directly above it is the epicentre
      - Effects of Earthquakes
        
        Secondary effects
        
        Fires
        
        Landslides
        
        Tsunamis
        
        Disease
        
        Lack of clean water
        
        Homelessness
        
        Primary effects
        
        Buildings collapse
        
        Roads and bridges damaged
        
        Power and water supplies disrupted
        
        People injured or killed
      - Case study Haiti Earthquake 2010
        
        12 January 2010
        
        Magnitude 7.0
        
        Epicentre close to Port-au-Prince
        
        Why was Haiti badly affected
        
        Many buildings were poorly constructed
        
        Limited building regulations
        
        High levels of poverty
        
        Emergency services had limited resources
        
        High population density in the capital
        
        Roads and communications were damaged
        
        Impacts
        
        Social
        
        Over 200,000 people died
        
        Many more were injured
        
        Over 1 million people were left homeless
        
        Hospitals and schools were damaged
        
        Economic
        
        ajor damage to homes and infrastructure
        
        Businesses were disrupted
        
        Roads and communication networks damaged
        
        Large cost of rebuilding
        
        Responses
        
        Immediate
        
        Search and rescue
        
        Emergency food and water
        
        Temporary shelters
        
        Medical assistance
        
        International aid
        
        Long term
        
        Rebuilding homes
        
        Rebuilding roads and infrastructure
        
        Improving earthquake preparation
        
        Reconstruction projects
        
        Haiti had a high level of vulnerability because of poverty weak infrastructure and limited preparation
    - - Magnitude measures the energy released
      - Stronger earthquakes usually cause more damage
      - Seismometers detect earthquake waves