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Data Types, Foundations of Scientific Inquiry, Research Paradigms, Mixed…

- - - - Counting words, phrases, or categories
      - Use When: analyzing documents, emails, policies, social media posts
    - - Stories, sequences, personal meaning
      - Use When: understanding how people make sense of events
    - - Patterns across interviews or focus groups
      - Use When: identifying common experiences or perceptions
    - - Axial coding
        
        connecting categories
      - Selective coding
        
        building core themes
      - Axial coding
        
        initial categories
      - Use When: you need to break down messy human experiences
      - Open coding
      - Building core themes
      - Connecting categories
- - - - Independent samples (two different groups)
      - Use When: testing differences caused by training, interventions, or group membership
      - Paired samples (before/after same people)
    - - comparing 3+ groups
      - Use When: comparing departments, locations, job roles, or multiple conditions
      - Post‑hoc tests (if groups differ, which ones?)
    - - relationship between two variables
      - Use When: you want to know if two things move together (not causation)
      - Strength matters (weak, moderate, strong)
      - Positive vs negative relationships
    - - predicting one variable from another (outcome)
      - Multiple regression — predicting outcome from several variables
      - Use When: forecasting turnover, satisfaction, performance, etc.
    - - mean, median, mode, SD
      - Range
        
        spread between lowest and highest
      - Variance
        
        how spread out scores are
      - Frequency distributions
        
        counts of categories or response
      - Use When: describing what the data looks like before deeper analysis