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NEOPLASIA - Coggle Diagram
NEOPLASIA
TYPES
Benign Neoplasms
Slow growing
Well differentiated
Usually well circumscribed
Usually do not invade
Do not metastasize
Malignant Neoplasms
Cancer
Variable differentiation
Invasive growth
Can metastasize
May be rapidly growing
Based on Tissue of Origin
Carcinoma
Malignant epithelial tumor
Sarcoma
Malignant mesenchymal/connective tissue tumor
Leukemia
Malignancy of hematopoietic cells
Lymphoma
Malignancy of lymphoid tissue
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Genetic mutations → abnormal cell proliferation
Activation of oncogenes
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
Defects in DNA repair genes
Resistance to apoptosis → abnormal cells survive
Uncontrolled proliferation → neoplasm formation
Progressive accumulation of mutations → tumor progression
Angiogenesis → tumor receives blood supply
Invasion → tumor penetrates surrounding tissues
Metastasis → malignant cells spread to distant organs
CAUSES / ETIOLOGY
Genetic mutations
Chemical carcinogens
Tobacco smoke
Industrial chemicals
Radiation
UV radiation
Ionizing radiation
Infectious agents
HPV
EBV
HBV
HCV
H. pylori
Inherited genetic mutations
Hormonal influences
Chronic inflammation
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Lump or mass
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Fever
Pain
Abnormal bleeding
Persistent cough
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Non-healing ulcer
Enlarged lymph nodes
Symptoms caused by compression or obstruction
Symptoms may vary according to tumor location
RISK FACTORS
Increasing age
Tobacco use
Alcohol consumption
Obesity
Poor diet
Physical inactivity
Excessive UV exposure
Radiation exposure
Chronic infections
Family history of cancer
Inherited cancer-predisposition syndromes
Chronic inflammation
Occupational exposure to carcinogens
PROCEDURES
Biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration
Excisional biopsy
Incisional biopsy
Endoscopy
Surgical excision
Lymph node biopsy
Bone marrow biopsy
Tumor resection
TREATMENT / DRUGS
Local Treatment
Surgical excision
Radiotherapy
Systemic Treatment
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
Hormonal therapy
Supportive Treatment
Pain management
Nutritional support
Management of anemia
Management of treatment-related adverse effects
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Monitor vital signs
Assess pain
Monitor nutritional status
Monitor weight
Observe for infection
Monitor treatment adverse effects
Maintain adequate hydration
Provide wound care after surgery
Support mobility and activity as tolerated
Provide psychological support
Educate patient about treatment and medications
Encourage adherence to treatment
Provide patient and family education
LABS AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Laboratory Tests
CBC
Blood chemistry
Organ function tests
Tumor markers where appropriate
Imaging
X-ray
Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
PET scan
Tissue Diagnosis
Biopsy
Histopathology
Cytology
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular/genetic testing
Tumor Assessment
Grading
Degree of differentiation
Mitotic activity
Staging
Extent of spread
TNM system
T = primary tumor
N = regional lymph nodes
M = distant metastasis
COMPLICATIONS
Local tissue destruction
Obstruction
Bleeding
Infection
Pain
Organ dysfunction
Metastasis
Cachexia
Anemia
Thrombosis
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Treatment-related complications
Recurrence
Death