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ORGANISED CRIME & LINKAGES WITH TERRORISM - Coggle Diagram
ORGANISED CRIME & LINKAGES WITH TERRORISM
UPSC MAINS QUESTIONS
20 MARKS
"Follow the money, not merely the militant."
in combating contemporary terrorism.
Discuss the relevance of financial intelligence
Examine the organised crime–terror nexus in the
context of India's internal security.
"The distinction between organised crime and
Critically examine.
terrorism is becoming increasingly blurred."
15 MARKS
Discuss the role of money laundering in
sustaining organised crime and terrorism.
How does organised crime facilitate terrorism
in India?
"Organised crime and terrorism are increasingly
Discuss.
becoming mutually reinforcing."
10 MARKS
Explain the crime-terror nexus.
What is organised crime? How does it threaten
internal security?
MASTER SOLUTION MODEL
PREVENT
PROSECUTE
↓
DISMANTLE
↓
DE-FINANCE
↓
DISRUPT
↓
DETECT
↓
WAY FORWARD
GOVERNANCE
Reduce corruption + strengthen rule of law
INTERNATIONAL
Intelligence + extradition + asset recovery
INSTITUTIONS
Centre-State coordination
TECHNOLOGY
AI + data analytics + cyber capability
POLICING
Modern investigation + forensics
BORDERS
Integrated border management
FINANCE
Follow-the-money architecture
INTELLIGENCE
Real-time intelligence fusion
THE "FOLLOW THE MONEY" APPROACH
Objective:
"Destroy the financial architecture,
not merely the foot soldiers."
PROSECUTE
FORFEIT
↓
SEIZE
↓
FREEZE
↓
TRACE
↓
IDENTIFY
↓
TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION
STATE RESPONSE
Inter-agency intelligence fusion
AI-assisted detection
Digital forensics
Network analysis
Big-data analytics
Financial intelligence
CRIMINAL USE
AI-enabled deception
Digital fraud
Crypto
Dark web
Encrypted communication
CHALLENGES FOR INDIA
Difficulty tracing beneficial ownership
Slow investigation / prosecution
Corruption
Shell companies
Dark-web ecosystems
Cryptocurrency / virtual assets
Anonymous digital transactions
Cross-border nature
Centre–State coordination
Jurisdictional barriers
Fragmented databases
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK
International cooperation
Asset recovery
Intelligence sharing
MLATs
Extradition
UN Security Council
Terrorist financing framework
INTERPOL
FATF
CFT
AML
UN Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime
Protocols
Palermo Convention
KEY INSTITUTIONS
Multi Agency Centre
Intelligence Bureau
RBI
Customs
Narcotics Control Bureau
State Police
DRI
CBI
FIU-IND
ED
NIA
LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita / Bharatiya Nagarik
Suraksha Sanhita / Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
Customs Act
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
Prevention of Corruption Act
Arms Act, 1959
NDPS Act, 1985
Narcotic drugs & psychotropic substances
NIA Act, 2008
Investigation of scheduled offences
PMLA, 2002
Money laundering
UAPA, 1967
Terrorist organisations / activities
CRIME–TERROR–CORRUPTION TRIANGLE
Result:
"Criminalisation of governance"
CORRUPTION ← CRIME
VIOLENCE ←→ FINANCING
TERRORISM
THE "CRIME → TERROR" PIPELINE
WHY THIS IS AN INTERNAL SECURITY THREAT
CREATES GOVERNANCE CAPTURE
INFILTRATES LEGITIMATE BUSINESS
UNDERMINES FINANCIAL SYSTEM
THREATENS BORDER SECURITY
FUNDS VIOLENT EXTREMISM
CREATES PARALLEL ECONOMIES
CORRUPTS INSTITUTIONS
WEAKENS RULE OF LAW
INDIAN DIMENSION
CROSS-BORDER NETWORKS
Maritime routes
Myanmar
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
CYBER FRAUD
EXTORTION
ILLEGAL MINING
HAWALA
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
CROSS-BORDER ARMS TRAFFICKING
GOLD / NARCOTICS SMUGGLING
IMPORTANT EXAMPLES
CYBERCRIME
Potential terrorist financing / facilitation
Online fraud
Cryptocurrency
Ransomware
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Exploitation + movement + recruitment
COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY
Can undermine financial security
EXTORTION → INSURGENCY
Illegal taxation / extortion finances armed groups
ARMS → TERROR
Criminal arms networks facilitate terrorist access
DRUGS → TERROR
Narcotics trafficking can generate funds
for terrorist / insurgent organisations
"CRIME–TERROR NEXUS"
TERRORISTS PROVIDE
Coercive power
Access to conflict zones
Ideological cover
Protection
Violence
CRIMINALS PROVIDE
Underground networks
Transport
Fake identities
Weapons
Money
MAJOR LINKAGES
F. CORRUPTION
Business networks
Political intermediaries
Law-enforcement personnel
Officials
E. MONEY LAUNDERING
Digital assets / emerging channels
Hawala
Cash-intensive businesses
Benami transactions
Shell companies
D. HUMAN RESOURCES
Common facilitators
Prison radicalisation
Criminals recruited into terrorist networks
C. LOGISTICS
Cross-border movement
Communication channels
Vehicles
Fake documents
Safe houses
B. ARMS
Diversion of weapons
Smuggling networks
Illegal arms markets
A. FINANCING
Hawala / illicit financial channels
Illegal mining
Counterfeiting
Kidnapping
Extortion
Drug trafficking
ORGANISED CRIME ↔ TERRORISM
THE MODERN MODEL
LOGISTICS + COVERT NETWORKS
MONEY + WEAPONS
↕
SHARED RESOURCES
↕
TERRORIST NETWORK
↕
CRIMINAL NETWORK
↕
↓
THE OLD MODEL
NEEDS MONEY
MAKES MONEY
TERRORISM
↓
CRIME
↓
WHY ORGANISED CRIME GROWS
Technological anonymity
Conflict zones
Demand for illicit goods
Unemployment / marginalisation
Weak enforcement
Corruption
Shadow economy
Digitalisation
Open / porous borders
Globalisation
CHARACTERISTICS
TRANSNATIONAL OPERATIONS
MONEY LAUNDERING
INTIMIDATION
VIOLENCE
CORRUPTION
Police + bureaucracy + political / business nexus
PROFIT-MOTIVATED
HIERARCHICAL / CELLULAR
Leadership + intermediaries + foot soldiers
NETWORKED
Local + national + transnational actors
WHAT IS ORGANISED CRIME?
Financial fraud
Real-estate / land mafia
Illegal mining
Money laundering
Contract killing
Extortion
Cybercrime
Smuggling
Counterfeit currency
Wildlife trafficking
Human trafficking
Arms trafficking
Drug trafficking
CORE CONCEPT
KEY DISTINCTION
Terrorism → PRIMARY MOTIVE = IDEOLOGY / POLITICAL OBJECTIVE
Organised Crime → PRIMARY MOTIVE = PROFIT
TERRORISM
Attempts to influence political behaviour
Targets State / civilians / critical infrastructure
Seeks to create fear
Politically / ideologically motivated violence
ORGANISED CRIME
Transnational networks
Corruption & infiltration
Violence / intimidation
Profit-driven
Continuity over time
Structured / coordinated criminal activity