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biological molecules - Coggle Diagram
biological molecules
biological molecules
threee dimensionsional molecules that contain carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains
types
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
critically important molecules needed for organisms to survive
three main ones (ingested)
lipids
much less O than H
insoluble in water but soluble in organi solvents
contain CHO
proteins/ types of lipds
simple
triglycerides
structure
3 molecule fatty acids
1 molecule glycerold
have COOH
can be saturated or unsaturated (C=C)
hydrophobic
joined by ester bond
properties
oils
at least one C=c double bond
shorter fat chains
lower Mp and molecular weight
fats
no C=C double bond
longer fat chains
higher MP and molecular weight
compact and insoluble in water
insoluble in water
fats are stored as droplets inside adipose cells-> cos insoluble and don't affect WP
properties
energy storage
also means it has half the mass of carbs for same amt of energy stored-> light weight energy source
greater number of Ch bonds, so yields 2x energy compared t triglyceride
important component of myelin sheath
provides metabolic water (2x water when oxidised in respiration)
solvent for vitamin ADEK, hormones
fat people
fat people can float
fat people are protected
fat people are warm
compound
phospholipids
structure
1 molecule glycerol
1 phosphate group
2 molecule fatty acid
hydrophilic (phosphate group) and hydrophobic (fatty acid group)
sed to create phospholipid bilayer
proteins
proteins
contain CHON
unique 3D shape
loses shape when heated-> denatured
polymers made up or monomers-> amino acids
amino acids
monomers of protein molecule
20 naturally occuring amino acids
structure of amino acid
NH amino group
-COOH group
H
side chain/variable R group
different amino, different R group
polypeptide
many amino acids joined tgt in condensation reaction
joined by peptide bond
continued condensation reaction-> polypeptide chain (can be broken back down amino acid when hydrolysis (add water molecule))
fold for form protein with 3D shape
function of protein
used in the synthesis of new cells, growth and repair
biological catalyst
chemical messenger
transport proteins
structural proteins
defence of body
only used as eneergy in starvation
carbohydrates
ratio of H:O is 2:1
main groups
disaccharides
made of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond
main 3: maltose, sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides
connected by glycosidic bonds
types
storage polysaccharide
glycogen
also from condensation of large number of glucose molecules
highly branched chains
usually found in muscles or livers of mammals
starch
from condensation of large number of glucosen molecules
long straight chain or branched chains
why suitable?
too large to diffuse thru cell membranes
compact shape-> occupy lesser space than indiv molecules
insoluble, dont affect WP
can be easily broken down to glucose when needed
structural polyssacharide
cellulose
again from condensation of large number of glucose molecules
bonded differently than starch-> different property
insoluble in water
many monosaccharide monomers join to form one polysaccharides
monosaccharides
main three: glucose, fructose, galactose
same general formula c6h12o6 but organised differently
simplests forms of carbohydrates, cannot be further broken down
properties
sweet tasting
soluble in water
able to lower WP of solutions
contain CHO
general functions (GDFFC)
desoxyribose sugar-> to form nucleic acids
glucose-> substrate for respiration, release energy
forms lubricants
nectar in flowers
cellulise-> supporting structure
nutrients
chemical substances in food that provide energy needed by the body