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Antioxidants, References, AKA Chain reaction Series, Superoxide dismutase,…

- - - - excess vitamins/minerals
        
        nutritional imbalance
        
        oxidative stress
        
        become pro-oxidants under certain conditions
  - - - People at risk for lung cancer
        
        Higher incidence of lung cancer
    - - Male smokers
        
        Higher incidence of lung cancer
    - - Male aged 50+
        
        No prostate cancer prevention
        
        Vitamin E alone linked to 17% increase in prostate cancer
  - - - Why though :!?:
        
        Food Provides essential and natural antioxidant nutrients
        
        Supplements can cause toxicity and act as harmful
- - - - 🌻Vitamin E
        
        Active form
        
        α-tocopherol
        
        Bioavailability
        
        20-70%
        
        Stored in
        
        in
        
        Adipose tissue (fat tissue)
        
        at
        
        90%
        
        Why we need it :!?:
        
        Antioxidant
        
        Donates H atom
        
        lipid radicals
        
        Chain Reaction stops :red_cross:
        
        Protects
        
        Cell membranes
        
        PUFA
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Nucleus and DNA
        
        Lungs
        
        Non-antioxidant
        
        reduces
        
        platelet aggregation
        
        Kinase C inhibition
        
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        Reproduction
        
        Sources :red_flag:
        
        Plant foods
        
        Nuts 🥜
        
        Hazelnut
        
        Almond
        
        Oils
        
        Safflower 🌼
        
        Wheatgerm 🌾
        
        Sunflower
        
        Seeds 🌱
        
        Sunflower🌻
        
        Pumpkin 🎃
        
        Sesame
        
        Animal foods
        
        Liver 🥩
        
        Egg yolk 🍳
        
        What if :!!:
        
        Too much
        
        How :!?:
        
        Supplements overconsumption
        
        if taken with
        
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        Symptoms
        
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        Too little
        
        Red Blood Cells burst :explode:
        
        DNA gets altered :warning:
        
        increased risk of Cancer
        
        Interaction
        
        is spared by
        
        Selenium
        
        :!!: means they share the workload of protecting cells from oxidative damage, and if we have plenty of one, the other doesn't get used up as fast.
        
        In competition with
        
        🥕 β-Carotene
        
        is regenerated by
        
        Vitamin C
      - General info :lock:
        
        Absorbed with
        
        Dietary Fat
        
        Incorporated INTO chylomicrons for transport into body
        
        Risk of Toxicity :warning:
        
        if stored excessively in body
        
        Generally stored in liver and adipose tissue
      - Vitamin A
        
        Forms
        
        Pre-formed
        
        Retenoids
        
        Why we need it :!?:
        
        Non-antioxidant roles
        
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        Antioxidant Role
        
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        Sources :red_flag:
        
        Animal Foods
        
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        Can be formed by Beta-Carotene :!:
        
        What if :!?:
        
        too little
        
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        Too Much
        
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        Pro-formed
        
        Carotenoids
        
        🥕 β-Carotene
        
        Absorption
        
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        Stored in
        
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        Why we need it :!?:
        
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        Too little
        
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        Supplement evidence
        
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        Sources :red_flag:
        
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        Too much
        
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        General Source :red_flag:
        
        Plant based foods
      - :warning:Deficiency happens in case of
        
        Fat malabsorption
        
        Intestinal Diseases
        
        Celiac, Crohn's, AIDS
    - - Vitamin C
        
        Why we need it :!?:
        
        Antioxidant
        
        Reducing Agent
        
        Vitamin E regeneration
        
        H atom donation
        
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        In and out of cells
        
        keeps folate intacts
        
        Against
        
        Nitrosamines formation
        
        Where :!?:
        
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        potential carcinogenic substances :!!:
        
        Non Antioxidant
        
        Collagen Synthesis
        
        Skin
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Gums
        
        Blood Vessels
        
        Converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
        
        Fe2+ useable in human body
        
        Sources :red_flag:
        
        Plant foods
        
        Fruits
        
        Kiwi
        
        Guava
        
        Tomato
        
        Vegetabales
        
        Broccoli
        
        Peppers
        
        Forms
        
        Dehydroascorbic Acid
        
        Oxidized Form
        
        Ascorbic Acid
        
        Reduced Form
        
        Destroyed by :explode:
        
        Heat
        
        Oxidation
        
        Absorption by starches
        
        Bound up in starchy foods (less absorbed) :
        
        What if :!?:
        
        Too little
        
        leads to
        
        Scurvy
        
        Impaired wound healing
        
        Petechiae
        
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        Population at most risk
        
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        Bleeding gums
        
        Loose teeth
        
        Painful Joints
        
        Weakness
        
        Functions
        
        Reducing Agent
        
        too much
        
        Megadoses (10x DRI)
        
        Diarreah
        
        Increases :fire:
        
        Iron Release
        
        oxidative damage to cells
        
        Symptoms
        
        Kidney Stones
        
        Rebound Scurvy
        
        no support
        
        towards
        
        cancer prevention
        
        Supplement evidence
        
        reducing symptoms prior to sickness
      - Excess
        
        Excreted in unrie
      - Free Vitamins
        
        often associated with a protein, travel from the liver to the cells
      - no long term storage of water-soluble vitamins
  - - - unstable compunds
        
        chair reaction ends :red_cross:
- - - - Increase in Free Radicals :fire:
- - - - Examples
        
        Hydroxyl radical (OH)
        
        Superoxide (O2-)
        
        Nitric Oxide (NO)
      - Where do they come from :!?:
        
        External enviroment
        
        toxic substances
        
        cigarette/tobacco smoke
        
        Radiation exposure
        
        Pollution (car exhaust, air in mines)
        
        UV / Excessive Sunlight
        
        Internal enviroment
        
        normal metabolic processes
        
        Making ATP (electron transport chain)
        
        Immune Cells
      - Targets
        
        Blood LDL (low density lipoproteins)
        
        In case of interaction with Free radicals
        
        LDL can get easily stuck in blood vessel walls
        
        decreasing blood vessels diameter
        
        increasing blood pressure :fire:
        
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        :!!:transports fat in blood
        
        Cell Proteins
        
        Lipids (cell membranes)
        
        Nuclear DNA
    - - :!?: How do they become stable
        
        Termination
        
        Inititation
        
        Propogation
        
        Regeneration
    - - Immune System
        
        How :!?:
        
        Harmful substance destruction
- - - - Placed in high-Oxygen incubators
        
        oxidative stress on Lung membranes
        
        oxidative stress compensation
- - - - Meats
      - Plants grown in selenium rich soil
      - Nuts
      - mostly associated with amino acids
        
        Storage Se
        
        Selenomethionine
        
        Active Se
        
        Selenocysteine
  - - - Needed For
        
        Cofactor for Glutathione peroxide
        
        Needed for
        
        Sparing Vitamin E
        
        Reducing Free Radical production
    - - Thyroid Role
        
        Converts T4 to T3
        
        Needed For
        
        Thyroid Hormones Regulation
        
        BMR
        
        Growth
        
        Metabolism
        
        Temperature
        
        T3 has greater biological activity
        
        T4: Thyroxine
        
        T3: Triiodothyronine
  - - - Toxicity
        
        Symptoms
        
        neurological damage
        
        Fatigue, Irratibillity
        
        Brittle Nails and Hair
        
        Nausea, Vomitting
        
        Caused By
        
        Primarily Supplements
      - Excess
        
        Excreted in unrie
    - - Deficiency leads to
        
        Keshan's Disease
        
        Symptoms
        
        Cardiomyopathy
        
        severe joint pain
      - Caused by
        
        Selenium Depleted Soil
        
        Rare in North America
        
        Why :!?:
        
        mostly food from all over the world