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Move towards violence :red_flag: - Coggle Diagram
Move towards violence :red_flag:
Soweto Uprising (June 16 1976)
What was it?
Inspired by Steve Biko's Black Conciousness Movement (not the ANC)
Was a student protest against the Afrikaans Medium Decree (1947).
Thousands of children had marched through through Soweto, and Police opened fire. Nzima's photograph of dying Hector Pieterson had become a global symbol of Apartheid's brutality
What were the consequences?
The Youth had fled from South Africa, several thousand young people had left South Africa.
Due to the fact that Mandela had adopted armed struggle in 1961
MK was revived, the new recruits had turned MK from a weak organization into something of real force. Demonstrating ANC's further shift into violence.
Civilian deaths had damaged the ANC's reputation
Church Street Bomb (1984), killing 19 people, allowing the government to label the ANC as "Terrorists"
"A Lost Generation" Schooling was disrupted for years for years, the 1980's slogan "Liberation before Education" had really deepened the damage.
Mandela in hiding
Personal consequences
Leaving his family behind, and only getting to meet his wife, Winnie, occasionally and with difficulty's due to her constantly being surveilled
Mandela had to stay physically fit in a very difficult setting (a small appartement)
ANC consequences
The ANC moves towards violence - This is done through Mandela's unofficial creation of the MK, which is still associated with the ANC
There were also some minor organisational consequences due to Mandela, being a key leader, having to stay underground, meaning his operational leadership was less coherent and relevant than before
Mandela could not give press releases easily; during his hiding he only gave one large press release on 26 June 1961
Summarising statement: Mandela's hiding had some negative implications on the ANC, due to it essentially losing a large leader
Where?
Mandela was initially in hiding Kodesh (a member of the SACP) apartment in Berea. He stays here for 2 months
After being discovered in Kodesh's appartement, Mandela is forced to leave, and goes to live in Liliesleaf Farm, where he stays for 3 months
Formation of MK
Why was MK formed?
Sharpeville Massacre (1960)
ANC banned
Peaceful protest seemed ineffective
Government increased repression
Who formed it?
Nelson Mandela
ANC leadership
Communist Party members / SACP support
Formed in 1961
What was MK?
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) \= āSpear of the Nationā
Armed wing associated with the ANC
Separate from the ANC officially
What were its aims?
Sabotage government property
Damage infrastructure rather than target civilians
Put pressure on the apartheid government
Early actions
Sabotage campaigns
Bombing/damaging government installations
Initially focused on avoiding loss of life
FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front)
FRELIMO was formed in Tanzania. It was merged by a series of many different anti-colonialist exiled groups
Time Line: MK was formed in 1961 and then FRELIMO was formed in 1962
Move towards violence was spreading throughout Africa (both the ANC and FRELIMO were both liberation movements)
When the MK was formed in South Africa, it gave other guerilla groups or pro-violence groups the confidence to form and stand against the colonialists in their respective governments.
After the ANC created Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, it relied on neighbouring countries for support and routes into South Africa.
FRELIMO supported the ANC and allowed ANC members to operate from Mozambique.
Rivonia Trial
1963-64 the Riviona trial was a case where Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid leaders were proescuted and sentenced to life in prison
Police raided Liliesleaf Farm in the Johannesburg suburb of Rivonia in July 1963.
The farm served as the secret headquarters for uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the African National Congress
10 leaders were accused with 221 charges of sabotage, preparing for guerilla warfare, and violent revolution