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Health & Diseases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - high life expectancy - higher proportion of elderly making up population, more likely to suffer & die from chronic illnesses
      - high GDP per capita - can provide proper housing & living environment for all; spread of infectious diseases depending food & water contamination & breeding of vectors more manageable
        
        low GDP per capita, higher proportion of population live in overcrowded slums with unpaved surfaces - puddles accumulate after rain, encourage mosquito breeding & spread of infectious diseases
  - - - food deserts - little access to fresh veg, fruits, high quality foods
    - - overcrowded housing facilitates spread of airborne & vector-borne diseases
      - lack of access to proper sanitation, safe food & clean water leads to foodborne & waterborne diseases like cholera
      - lack of proper drainage & garbage disposal services encourages breeding of vectors like mice & mosquitoes
    - - forgo badly needed daily wages due to no paid time off from work
      - arrange for expensive childcare, travel fare to faraway clinics
      - wait for a long time to see doctor, don't spend much time with the doctor, concerns not fully addressed
      - may not be able to fill medication - can't afford; worry about surprise medical bill
      - often wait till health issue escalates to point of going to ER
  - - - plays role in healthcare provision
      - providing basic healthcare for whole population in LDCs a challenge - insufficient resources like money, medicine, doctors, nurses, medical facilities, especially in rural/remote areas
      - compulsory vaccination programmes for children from diseases require resources like vaccination doses, medical equipment & medical professionals
    - - can increase mortality rates due to battle wounds & injuries
      - attacks on health works & facilities - breakdown of health system of country, exact toll on civilian access to healthcare
      - collapse of utilities like clean water supply & sanitation facilities can lead to epidemics brought about by unhygienic conditions in warring country
  - - - temperature as determined by latitude & altitude
      - precipitation & water access
      - presence of agents, hosts & disease vectors
    - - transportation & economic activities in cities (e.g. coal-powered industries) can lead to air pollution & health issues
      - death rates from outdoor air pollution tend to be highest in middle-income countries - increased energy & industrial emissions without adequate regulation
- - - - most bacteria in the body are harmless, & some are even helpful
      - bacteria that cause diseases are pathogenic bacteria, responsible for cholera, meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis
    - - cannot replicate alone & must infect cells & use components of the host cell to make copies of itself, often killing the host cell & causing damage to the host organism
      - responsible for AIDS, chickenpox, common cold, COVID-19, ebola, dengue, measles
    - - occur anywhere, more common in tropical & subtropical regions
      - can be spread through contaminated soil, water, food, blood, sexual contact & insect bites
      - responsible for malaria & tapeworm & ringworm infections
    - - can be found everywhere, cause infection when they overgrow but typically only cause minor ailments
      - responsible for ringworm & athlete's foot
  - - - occurs when a disease spreads from its original source outward to the surrounding areas
      - as the disease multiplies & expands its geographical footprint, affecting new people, it remains strong at its sourcd
    - - depends on direct person-to-person contact from an original source to numerous others
      - strongly influenced by distance as nearby individuals or regions have a much higher probability of contact than those further away
    - - occurs when carrier of disease physically migrates to a new area due to human mobility, like migration, tourism or trade
      - pathogen is then introduced to a completely distinct region when others are infected
      - disease that spread through relocation diffusion physically took a "leap" over vast distances to a new host population
    - - spread of disease through an ordered sequence of classes or places, e.g. from large cities to remote places
    - - occurs when a disease spreads via transportation networks
      - HIV pandemic started in Kinshasa in early 1920s & spread along railroad & water transportation networks through the DRC into Congo
    - - people
        
        diseases can be unknowingly spread by travellers due to incubation time
        
        transnational social formations (like tourists, families & migrant workers) increase opportunities for contact
      - food
        
        as many countries can now enjoy food from different parts of the world, the risk of being exposed to pathogens within the food also increases
        
        food items like seafood are prone to bacterial growth if they're not handled properly for storage & transportation
      - information - potential to rapidly address emergence of disease due to real-time updates & rapid dissemination of important info
- - - - antibiotics for pneumonia
      - antimalarial medications
      - rehydration therapies for diarrhea
    - - without immediate rehydration, children can die from acute dehydration & shock within hours
      - unsafe sanitation responsible for the deaths of >1k children under the age of 5 every day, mostly in LDCs
  - - - highly privatised & expensive for lower-income individuals - delayed treatments & worse chronic disease management
    - - high rates of obesity & chronic due to widespread consumption of highly processed foods