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Sepsis - Coggle Diagram
Sepsis
Pharmacology
Broad‑spectrum β‑lactams
Piperacillin‑tazobactam
4.5 g IV TDS–QDS
Meropenem
1 g IV TDS
Co‑amoxiclav
1.2 g IV TDS
Add‑ons for MRSA risk
Vancomycin
15–20 mg/kg IV loading → maintenance per levels
Linezolid
600 mg IV/PO BD
Add‑ons for Pseudomonas
Ceftazidime
2 g IV TDS
Cefepime
2 g IV BD–TDS
IV Fluids
Crystalloid bolus
30 mL/kg within first 3 hours
Reassessment
Dynamic measures
Avoid overload
Vasopressors
First‑line
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
0.01–0.5 mcg/kg/min IV infusion
Titrate to MAP ≥65
Second‑line adjunct
Vasopressin
Fixed 0.03 units/min
Added when NE ≥0.25 mcg/kg/min
Third‑line
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
0.01–0.3 mcg/kg/min
Alternative
Dopamine
Steroids
Hydrocortisone
200 mg/day IV (e.g., 50 mg QDS)
For pressor‑dependent shock
Other supportive
Antipyretics
Paracetamol 1 g QDS
Glucose control
DVT prophylaxis
Stress ulcer prophylaxis
Clinical Features
Systemic
Fever
Rigors
Malaise
Cardiovascular
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Poor perfusion
Respiratory
Tachypnoea
Hypoxia
Neurological
Confusion
Reduced GCS
Renal
Oliguria
Rising creatinine
Pathophysiology
Initial trigger
PAMPs / DAMPs
Bacterial toxins
Cell injury signals
Immune cascade
Cytokine storm
IL‑6
TNF‑α
Endothelial injury
Capillary leak
Hypotension
Coagulation
Microthrombi
DIC risk
Organ dysfunction
Hypoperfusion
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Multi‑organ failure
Investigations
Bedside
NEWS2
Lactate
Blood glucose
Laboratory
FBC
U&Es
LFTs
CRP
Coagulation
Microbiology
Blood cultures
Urine culture
Sputum
Wound swabs
Imaging
CXR
CT if source unclear
Risk Factors
Patient factors
Age >65
Frailty
Immunosuppression
Steroids
Chemotherapy
Comorbidities
Diabetes
CKD
Liver disease
COPD
Situational
Recent surgery
Indwelling devices
Wounds
Complications
Organ failure
ARDS
AKI
Liver dysfunction
Circulatory
Septic shock
DIC
Long‑term
Post‑sepsis syndrome
Cognitive decline
Prevention
Vaccination
Flu
Pneumococcal
Infection control
Hand hygiene
Catheter care
Chronic disease optimisation
Diabetes
COPD
Heart failure
Aetiology
Bacterial
Gram‑positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram‑negative
E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Other pathogens
Viral
Influenza
COVID‑19
Fungal
Candida
Parasitic
Malaria
Red Flags
Physiological
SBP ≤100
RR ≥22
Lactate ≥2
Altered mental state
Shock indicators
MAP <65
Need for vasopressors
Mottled skin
Differentials
Infectious
Severe pneumonia
Urosepsis
Meningitis
Non‑infectious
Pancreatitis
PE
Anaphylaxis
Adrenal crisis
Prognosis
Factors
Age
Frailty
Lactate level
Speed of treatment
Outcomes
Mortality higher in shock
Slow recovery common
Definition
Life‑threatening organ dysfunction
Dysregulated host response
Excessive inflammation
Immune suppression
Organ injury
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Renal
Neurological