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Chp 10 Post-Independence Singapore Part 3 - Coggle Diagram
Chp 10
Post-Independence
Singapore
Part 3
3. Addressing Social Challenges
Public Housing (HDB)
Bukit Ho Swee Fire
squatter settlement
25 May 1961
four
dead
around
16,000
homeless
LKY promise
plans to find new homes for all the victims
within 1 year
DONE
Home Ownership Scheme
Better conditions
electricity, drinkable tap water, waste disposal services, toilet facilities
in their own homes
Location
Queenstown, Toa Payoh
further from city
reduce overcrowding
in central areas (eg Chinatown)
Renting only
at first only renting
at subsidised rate
Purpose
LKY wanna encourage home ownership
Foster greater sense of belonging and rootedness
Launch
1964
New Town Concept
Toa Payoh
SG's FIRST HDB Town
small neighbourhoods grouped around a
town centre
Each neighbourhood with its
own facilities
wet markets
hawker centres
shops
playground
schools
clinics
Housing & Development Board (HDB)
Set up in
1960
take over SIT's task
Immediate GOAL
build blocks of flats
FAST
at
AFFORDABLE
prices
by end of
1962
under FIRST Chairman
Lim Kim San
HDB already
BUILT MORE
flats than SIT did in its whole history
by
1965
HDB constructed
54,000 flats
enough to house
25%
of SG population
Challenges
Rapid population growth
+
Shortage of affordable Housing
many stay in kampongs & shophouses
unhygenic & overcrowded
lacked basic facilities
running water, flush toilets, electricity
Ineffective SIT
SG Improvement Trust
SLOW, not meeting demand
only able to build
ONE NEW FLAT
for every 150 families
per year
Using CPF
Cost of buying flat subsidised
many still cannot
AFFORD
Central Provident Fund
greatly increased popularity
by mid-1970s,
more than 40,000 families
become 1st-time HDB owners
Milestones
4-room, 5-room
flats
gradually introduced after initial goal achieved
New Town Concept
>50%
of population
housed in HDB
by 1976
Household Income rising
more can afford larger homes
% of HDB flats with 3 or more rooms
40% in 1966
55% in 1977
Strengthening Education
School Expansion
New schools built at rate of abt 1/mth
now able to meet increasing demand for education
# of teachers almost doubled to over 19,000
Schools stiil had to operate DOUBLE sessions (am/pm)
Focus on
Math, Science & Technical
WHY
students have necessary skills & knowledge
to work in industrial sector (graduated)
steady supply of trained workers in industrial sector
help SG remain attractive to MNCs
Examples
from 1969
lower sec
all boys
take up technical subjects
Woodwork
Technical Drawing
Home Economics
half the girls
More tech
schools
and tech
teachers
Equal educational opportunities for girls and boys
WHY
everyone can contribute to SG's economic progress
help foster greater unity & sense of national identity
Examples
ALL SG children
provided FREE primary education
Govt call on families
Send both sons & daughters to school
1979 Goh Report
tailoring LEARNING PACE
to student ability
Challenges
Literacy Rate
only 60%
Schoolgoing Age
25% of population
Birth Rate
>50,000 babies annually
1965
Urgent Need
educate youths
prepare them to enter workforce
educated workforce
Bilingual Education Policy
first proposed by colonial government in
1953
learn BOTH English & their
vernacular languages
English: serve as common language
break down language barriers
foster stronger social bonds
No ethnic groups can claim it as their own
help students can secure a better future
English used internationally as language of commerce & industry
Mother tongue
remain connected to their ethnic & cultural roots
end of 60s, it is made a compulsory exam subject
1960
, first integrated schools set up
students studying different 1st languages
on the same campus
encourage inter-racial mixing & unity
Public Health Standards
Hawker Hygiene
Problem
over 50,000 street hawkers (>80% unlicensed)
lack knowledge of proper hygienic food preparation
no proper waste disposal practices
=> increased risk of food poisoning
Solution
ALL hawkers to be registered & licensed
observe food safety & hygiene practices
hawkers to be screened & vaccinated against tuberculosis & other communicable disease
moved off the streets in hawker centres
proper running water
electricity and
waste disposal
Environmental Cleanliness
Environmental Public Health Act
Act passed in 1968
many had bad habits of littering and spitting in public
causing pests & breeding ground for diseases
Fine
$500
Littering
fine for spitting
waste collection improved
purchase & use of new equipment
Clean Air Act
increased industrial activity
air pollution increase
health problems
Act passed in 1971
Regulates emmission of pollutants into the air
Flood Control Measures
Frequent flooding in several areas
spreading diseases (dengue & cholera)
Built and Widened
drains & canals
THROUGHOUT late 1960s & 1970s
Public Health Campaigns
Anti-dengue
Nutrition
Toothbrushing
Disease Immunisations
Public Health Talks
Posters, Pamphlets
Cartoons, films
School HEALTH Service
vaccinations, regular check-ups in schools
Dental clinics in all schools
Maternal & Child Healthcare
Child Immunisation Programme
educate parents
27.3 deaths per 1,000 births
(1965)
BELOW
15 deaths per 1,000 births
(1965)
comparable to other developed countries
USA, UK & Australia
1966
Kerdang Kerbau Hospital
KK Hospital
world record
39,856 babies born
World's Busiest Maternity Hospital
Challenges
overcrowded/unsanitary living conditions
poor general hygiene & health habits
high infant mortality rate
27.3 deaths per 1,000 births
(1965)
Tuberculosis & cholera widespread
then Health Minister, Yong Nyuk Lin
improve cleanliness & public health standards
Living Conditions
many live in squatter settlements near waterways
risk of sewage & other water pollution
health hazard to public
rehouse them into HDB estates
Improving Medical Facilities
OUTPATIENT facilities
move to separate government clinics
Thomson Road Hospital
(present-day Changi General Hospital)
Tan Tock Seng Hospital
BOTH expanded
increase capacitiy
Greater Opportunities
Equal school enrollment by 1974; university female enrollment rose to 45.1% in 1976 [119]
Increased labour force participation (1970 to 1980) [119, 120]
First female air traffic controllers (1976), female taxi drivers [120, 122]
Challenges & Limitations
Equal pay in civil service achieved by 1969 (previously unequal) [123]
No female MPs between 1970 and 1984 after Chan Choy Siong stepped down [121]
Persistent workplace prejudices and traditional home expectations [124]
1. Economic Challenges & Diversification
How SG dealt with it?
4. End of 1970s
Case Investigation: Changing Roles of Women
2. Building a National Identity