Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

chp 7: cognition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - availability heuristic: estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples
      - working backward from the goal
      - representativeness heuristic: assumption that any object(or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category -> but can cause errors due to ignoring base rates: the actual probability of a given event
      - subgoals -> decomposing big goals into subgoals to achieve so the final solution is much closer
  - - - natural concepts: mental categories people form as a result of their experiences in the real world (e.g. dog, blue, freedom)
        
        prototypes are examples of a concept that more closely match the defining characteristics of that concept -> e.g. apple for fruits
        
        often imprecise or "fuzzy"; helps us adapt better to new situations
      - formal/artificial concepts: mental categories defined by specific rules or features (e.g. word definitions, math formulas) -> more precise
  - - - convergent thinking: type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer. and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic
      - divergent thinking: type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point
        
        ways to stimulate this: brainstorming, keeping a journal, freewriting, mind or subject mappnig
  - - - a spectrum; perception (can see apple) -> imagination (can imagine apple) -> aphantasia (cannot see anything in their minds, rare condition)
- - - - s factor: ability to excel in certain areas -> specific intelligence
      - g factor -> general intelligence: the ability to reason and solve problems -> task-specific abilities
      - intelligence as a single, general ability coupled with specific abilities
    - - don't memorise everything
      - believes "reason", "logic" and "knowledge" are different aspects of intelligence along with several other abilities
    - - creative intelligence: ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
      - practical intelligence: ability to use information to get along in life and become successful -> street smart
      - analytical intelligence: ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving -> book smart
      - adaptive intelligence: ability to change themselves to fit their environment, to shape the environment to better fit their and others' needs or desires, to find a new environment that is a better fit than the one presently inhabited
    - - general, broad, narrow abilities
      - acquired knowledge: quantitative knowledge (Gg), comp- knowledge (Gc), Reading & Writing (Grw), Domain Specific Knowledge (Gkn)
      - most researched theory (don't need to memorise, just know the gists of the model
      - Fluid Reasoning (Gf)
      - crystallised intelligence: ability to access acquired knowledge & skills acquired
      - fluid intelligence: ability to solve problems and be adaptable in unfamiliar situations