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Gastric Neurovasculature, Physiology & Clinical Pathologies - Coggle…

- - - - Arterial Input : Exclusively supplied by branches of the Celiac Trunk (T12 level) + Form anastomotic loops along the greater and lesser curvatures
  - - - Left Gastric Vein (Coronary)
        
        Portal Vein directly
      - Right Gastric Vein
    - - Short Gastric Veins
        
        Splenic Vein
        
        Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV)
      - Left Gastroomental Vein
  - - - Submucosal Plexus
        
        Subperitoneal Network
        
        Gastric & Gastroomental Nodes
        
        Celiac Nodes
        
        Thoracic Duct
- - - - 4/ Intrinsic Factor (Parietal cells)
        
        3/ Pepsinogen (Chief cells)
        
        2/ Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) (Parietal cells)
        
        1/ Mucus (Surface & Neck cells)
        
        Protective lubricating mucoid coat
        
        Denatures proteins & activates pepsinogen
        
        Converts to active Pepsin in acidic pH
        
        Essential for Vitamin B12 absorption in ileum
    - - Gastrin (G cells - Pylorus/Duodenum)
        
        Stimulates HCl secretion & motility
      - Somatostatin (D cells)
        
        Inhibits gastrin & HCl release
  - - - Epithelial Tight Junctions (Prevents acid leakage into lamina propria)
        
        High Cell Renewal Rate (Stem cells in neck replace entire epithelium every 4–5 days)
- - - - Erosion of the mucosal barrier leading to tissue ulceration, often driven by Helicobacter pylori infection or heavy NSAID use
  - - - Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
        
        failure of Intrinsic Factor secretion
        
        malabsorption of Vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum
        
        megaloblastic anemia and neurological deficits
  - - - Most common gastric malignancy, arising from mucosal surface/glandular epithelium
    - - Carcinoid tumors and Gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, driving severe refractory peptic ulceration via excess gastrin)