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Feminist Thinkers: - Coggle Diagram
Feminist Thinkers:
Simone de Beauvoir:
Women are forced to adopt and accept a passive role and the various roles of women forced them into a monotonous existence.
Men and women can be equal without being the same, to equate equality with sameness establishes 'maleness' as the highest ideal for women to aspire to.
Men have made women the 'other' in society by creating a false air of 'mystery' around them, they are different so they are subordinate. Women have internalised this 'otherness'.
Author of the 'Second sex' -> 'One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.'
HN: Gender differences are created by men in society, they are not natural. State: stops women from expressing their true freedom and identity through reinforcing ideologies. Society: place expectations on people to limit their true freedom and self-realisation. Economy: Men's domination of economic life restricts the life choices open to women.
Charlotte Perkin Gilman:
Emphasis on 'sexuo-economic relation' between men and women which is entrenched in society. This left women oppressed by expectations of performing housework. Confining women in this way has hindered the development of a fully productive society.
HN: biological differences between men and women are irrelevant and women can compete equally against men. State: Society: assigns women inferior roles, this no longer has any justification. Economy: domestic servitude has allowed men to dominate in the outside economic world.
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Kate Millet:
Institutional power in a patriarchal society is controlled by men which enables them to exercise dominance over women, inequality between men is socially constructed.
The family is the 'patriarchy's chief institution'.
Differentiated sex and gender to allow for the total rejection of repression, persecution and subjugation.
HN: Only differences are biological, no evidence that certain characteristics are gendered. State: an agent of the patriarchy, the problem not the solution. Society: Completely characterised by patriarchy, all pervasive and infests the private and public spheres. Economy: Socialism but not fundamental to her view of feminism.
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Sheila Rowbotham:
Complete equality between men and women could only be achieved through a social revolution. The capitalist system exploits working class women far more than working class men. Rowbotham wanted the phrase 'women's work' to be banned from the English language as it implied that the work was of lesser value and therefore could be paid less. Women need 'Unequal rights'. A revolution in men's thinking is a necessary part of the wider revolution to abolish patriarchal attitudes.
HN: women's consciousness of the world is created by men. State: the servant of capitalism. Society: economically determined, society reflects the dominant position of both capitalists and men. Economy: Marxism, women are a low paid reserve army of labour.
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bell hooks:
Expressed disappointment in the liberal feminist movement which mostly followed the lives of white, middle class, university educated women. She argued that white women are only discriminated against because of their gender, black women face prejudice due to race and gender. She recognised that discrimination operates at many levels.
Her idea of 'feminist masculinity' was one in which feminists speak directly to boys and men to help them forge identities free from sexism
HN: Women have different identities and therefore experience multiple forms and levels of oppression. State: dominated by white males, reflects and reinforces their domination of society. Society: there are complex relationships between different minorities, to reduce conflict love between cultures must be established. Economy: women in poverty face additional problems, the liberation of the poor is an economic issue as well as social.
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