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COVID-19 - Coggle Diagram
COVID-19
Pathophysiology
Viral entry
ACE2 receptor binding
TMPRSS2 priming
High expression in lungs, gut, endothelium
Immune response
Innate activation
Interferon signalling
Lymphopenia
Cytokine dysregulation
IL‑6, TNF‑α, IL‑1
Hyperinflammation
Pulmonary injury
Diffuse alveolar damage
Loss of surfactant
ARDS
Endothelial dysfunction
Microvascular injury
Increased permeability
Coagulopathy
Microthrombi
Elevated D‑dimer
VTE risk
Multisystem involvement
Cardiac (myocarditis)
Renal (AKI)
Neurological (encephalopathy)
Complications
Respiratory
ARDS
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
Cardiac
Myocarditis
Arrhythmias
MI
Thrombotic
PE
DVT
Microthrombi
Renal
AKI
Neurological
Encephalopathy
Stroke
GI/Liver
Hepatitis
Pancreatitis
Long‑term
Fibrosis
Long COVID
Clinical features
Respiratory
Cough
Dyspnoea
Chest tightness
Silent hypoxia
Systemic
Fever
Fatigue
Myalgia
Headache
ENT
Loss of smell
Loss of taste
Sore throat
GI
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Neurological
Confusion
Dizziness
Stroke (rare)
Skin
COVID toes
Rash
Management
Supportive
Fluids
Antipyretics
Nutrition
Respiratory
Oxygen therapy
Proning
HFNO
CPAP
Mechanical ventilation
Pharmacological
Dexamethasone
Remdesivir
Tocilizumab
Anticoagulation
Monitoring
NEWS2
Oxygen trends
Fluid balance
Escalation
ICU referral
Intubation criteria
Community management
Self‑isolation
Safety‑netting
Transmission
Respiratory droplets
Coughing
Sneezing
Talking
Aerosol spread
Poor ventilation
High‑risk indoor settings
Surface contamination
Fomites (lower risk)
Incubation period
Typically 3–5 days
Range 2–14 days
Superspreading events
Crowded indoor gatherings
Choirs, gyms, bars
Risk factors
Demographic
Age >65
Male sex
Ethnic disparities
Medical
COPD
Asthma
Heart failure
Diabetes
CKD
Immunosuppression
Lifestyle
Obesity
Smoking
Social
High‑density housing
Occupational exposure
Pregnancy
Increased risk of severe disease
Investigations
Diagnostic
PCR
Lateral flow antigen
Bloods
CRP
Ferritin
D‑dimer
Lymphocyte count
LFTs
Imaging
CXR: bilateral infiltrates
CT: ground‑glass opacities
Respiratory assessment
Oxygen saturation
ABG
NEWS2 scoring
Cardiac
Troponin
ECG (myocarditis risk)
Public health and epidemiology
R number
Transmission dynamics
Variants
Alpha
Delta
Omicron
Subvariants
Surveillance
Genomic sequencing
Case reporting
Population immunity
Natural infection
Vaccination
Health system impact
ICU capacity
Workforce strain
Severity
Mild
No hypoxia
Mild symptoms
Moderate
O2 sats 90–94%
Radiographic changes
Severe
O2 sats <90%
Tachypnoea
Extensive lung involvement
Critical
ARDS
Shock
Multiorgan failure
Need for ventilation
Prevention
Vaccination
Primary series
Boosters
Variant‑specific vaccines
Infection control
Masking
Hand hygiene
Ventilation
Public health
Isolation
Contact tracing
Outbreak management
Travel
Testing
Quarantine rules
Long COVID
Symptoms
Fatigue
Breathlessness
Brain fog
Palpitations
Sleep disturbance
Mechanisms
Post‑viral inflammation
Autonomic dysfunction
Microvascular injury
Assessment
Holistic review
Functional tests
Mental health screening
Management
Rehabilitation
Pacing
Respiratory physio
Cognitive support