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PPAS 2195, Questions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Attitudes
      - Dominant group
      - Minority group
    - - Innate personality, someone's born with an unhealthy personality and project
      - Learned behaviour
      - Similarity and prejudice
      - Proximity and prejudice
      - Intergroup competition
    - - Types of discriminators
        
        Tolerators
        
        Conformists
        
        Law Abiders
        
        Violators
      - Types of discrimination
        
        Federally protected classes: race, colour, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, pregnancy, and Vietnam veteran status
        
        Protected by the Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1964, 1991: Race, colour, sex, national origin, religion
        
        Reverse discrimination
        
        Age: protected by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
        
        Disability: protected by the Vocational Rehabilitation act of 1974, and the Americans with Disabilities Act
        
        Physical or Mental Impairment
        
        A record of such an impairment
        
        Being regarded as having such an impairment
        
        Pregnancy: protected by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993
        
        Vietnam-era veteran status: protected by the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Act of 1974
        
        State and Locally Protected Classes
  - - - Intentional recruitment of minority applicants
      - Getting rid of discriminatory practices in the workplace
      - Preferential hiring and promotion of minority applicants
        
        Raised the question of: when can you use race, gender, or national origin in employment decisions?
        
        If there is a disparity between the percentage of qualified minorities in the area, and the percentage of qualified minorities in the employees
        
        Did the affirmative action goals disregard the rights of nonminorities?
        
        For a qualified minority to be hired over an equally qualified nonminority, this has to meet a set of standards, and there is a mind map of this on page 142
        
        Does the above question use the percentage of qualified minorities in the relevant geographical area?
  - - - Determining whether an employment practice (like a job requirement) is legal can be determined using a mind map like in page 144
    - - Companies can take certain actions to ensure that the concept of diversity is more accepted, perhaps even celebrated, in companies
        
        Training
        
        Awareness
        
        Skill building
        
        Diversity Celebrations and Cultural Teams
        
        There are certain steps you need to take to ensure a successful team such as this, by reenergizing it, according to Gardenswartz and Rowe (1998)
        
        Affirmative Action Programs
        
        Managing Prejudiced Employees
        
        The "Calm Questioning Technique"
      - Being strategic with similarity and proximity
      - Implementing formal diversity programs
- - - - Why does this CONTRIBUTE to how hard HUMAN RELATIONS is?
        
        HUMANS are COMPLEX and their behavior is affected by MULTIPLE VARIABLES
      - FACTORS INFLUENCING behavior (why people act the way that they do)
        
        Predisposing factors, AKA factors that make people act a certain way by DEFAULT, which affect their behavior through their personality, temperament, values, or attitudes
        
        Genetic influences, we are born with a predisposition to be a certain type of person, and to a certain extent, our personality comes from our parents
        
        Physiological/bodily factors
        
        Head injuries and brain abnormalities, since the brain is a very important structure where various parts influence human behaviors, problems with neurotransmitters, which help neurons communicate, can affect a wide variety of behavior
        
        Hormones, chemicals are released by endocrine glands
        
        Arousal, if we fall below our optional level of arousal, we seek stimulation, and if we rise above, we avoid stimulation
        
        R: Based on a theory proposed by psychologist Hans Eysenck (1964)
        
        Diet, where a healthy/balanced diet improves, memory, alertness (focus), and decision making, and reduces stress, where too high/low blood sugar increases violence
        
        Physical appearance
        
        Physical attractiveness, which affects the way other people treat us (which means that growing up, attractive people have it easier) which includes the workplace, where attractive adults receive higher interview scores and higher performance scores
        
        Body types, which affects the way other people treat us
        
        There are three main body types, each associated with certain personality traits
        
        Mesomorphs are athletic and muscular, and are assertive, strong, brave, and confident
        
        Ectomorphs are thin, and are shy, lonely, sad, and introverted
        
        Endomorphs are obese and are happy, lazy, jolly, and extroverted
        
        R: This theory was put forward by William Sheldon in the 1940s
        
        Illness/health/disability can affect people's personalities and therefore current behavior, although an illness would not affect everybody in the same way
        
        Origins (learning influences)
        
        The decade in which we grew up affects our personalities and therefore behaviour, but to a certain extent, due to important events that have happened/certain technologies developed in those decades, and this can isolate generations from one another
        
        R: Based on a theory developed by Morris Massey in 1975
        
        Hometowns can affect the way people perceive us due to stereotypes surrounding different areas, causing people to adjust their behaviour when they move from one place to another
        
        Family
        
        Birth order is a small but consistent factor affecting personality and therefore behaviour
        
        Childhood trauma can affect people's personality and therefore behavior but in different ways for each person
        
        Operant conditioning, where people continue to act a certain ways they're rewarded for, and stop where they're punished for it, you can change people using OC, but it may be difficult since a reward for somebody may be a punishment for somebody else
        
        Gender, Race, and Culture can, which much debate, affect people's personalities and therefore behavior through a number of channels (cultural differences, discrimination, genetics) but mainly privilege
        
        During the early years of our lives, events pretty much set us up for the rest of our lives until we turn 25, (although scientists like R: Sigmund Freud and Morris Massey cannot agree on the same age), after that we need another significant event to change somebody's personality or values, not just behaviour
        
        Situational factors, AKA environmental factors that cause us to behave in ways contradicting our personality, examples including because fear of punishment, or exhaustion from acting a certain way
        
        Confirmity makes us behave according to how others do, or others' expectations
        
        Time and resource limitations makes it hard for us to behave the way we want
        
        Competing values can affect our behavior when one value outweighs the other, or when somebody elses' values outweigh your own
        
        We may behave in certain ways because of the lack of alternatives, in situations where we have no choice, sometimes in ways that we know are wrong
        
        The key difference between situation factors and the reasoning process is that the reasoning process focuses on how mentally, we react to certain situations based on the way we think
        
        Reasoning process, AKA when people think about the consequences of their behavior before acting which is normally affected by our personality and values
        
        Alcohol and drugs can affect our reasoning process by making us do things we normally wouldn't
        
        Emotion (stress, anger, and love) can affect our reasoning process by making us do things we normally wouldn't
        
        Cognitive ability and experience makes us reason in different situations based on our age, where each dilemma has different options of reactions, often where one option is optimal
      - Measuring Personality
        
        How do you measure personality (which affects behavior)?
        
        The Big Five (OCEAN) measure all dimensions of personality, where the dimension that dominates a person's personality is a cardinal trait, which is followed by a series of secondary traits (cardinal traits can be the same, but not always secondary)
        
        C and S traits are often measured using paper and pencil tests using rating scale format or forced-choice format
        
        The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used to measure psychopathology, along with others
        
        Projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test and Roschach Inkblot Test measure personality too
        
        Is it important/worth it to measure personality?
        
        In classroom/training sections, they can help people learn about themselves and others, like when teachers want to know their students' learning styles
        
        People can fake their test results in employment processes in order to get the job, so it's best to use scale tests
- - - - Type A personalities respond negatively to stress and are competitive (achievement-oriented), impatient and hostile individuals who often multitask and recover slowly from and whose personalities are exaggerated by stress
- - - - Skill knowledge
      - Organization knowledge
      - Emotional Intelligence
        
        Recognize your/others' feelings
        
        Motivate yourself
        
        Manage your emotions
      - Basic knowledge
    - - Knowing what's in and what's out for each company's organizational culture
      - Don't wear too many scents
    - - Acceptable / Unacceptable
      - Office Politics Rules
        
        Never repeat anything you've been told
        
        Don't say anything you'd be embarrassed to see headlined on the news or on newspapers
        
        Treat everybody the same
        
        Deal appropriately with all genders
        
        Sexual harassment
    - - The need to be understood
      - The need to be welcomed
      - The need to feel important
      - The need to feel comfortable
        
        Physical
        
        Emotional
  - - - Type A
      - Type B
    - - Personal Reasons
        
        Moral development, other peoples' behaviours
        
        Maturity Level or Mental Stability, ability to think whether their decisions affect others
        
        Ignorance, lack of skills
        
        Personal responsibility or accountability
      - Situational Reasons
        
        Economic need
        
        "Just one" special circumstances
        
        Resource constraints, quotas, or other pressures
      - Organizational Factors
        
        Employee relationships
        
        Weak relationships
        
        Singular relationships
        
        Unbalanced relationships
        
        Organizational cutlure
        
        Learned by
        
        Organizational socialization
        
        Communication, open dialogue, and early onboarding are examples of good organizational socialization
        
        Organizational modelling
        
        Can improve/make somebody's ethics worse
    - - Companies can
        
        Train employees
        
        Involve sanctions for unethical behaviour
        
        Implement Code of Ethics
        
        Rewards
        
        Encourage workers to speak out, question, respond to ethical issues, and reflect upon their own biases
      - Individuals can
        
        Familiarize themselves with Ethical Decision Making