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Research paradigms - Coggle Diagram
Research paradigms
1. Positivism
objective reality can be observed and understood thru scientific inquiry, regardless of individual experiences/perspectives
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can be measured accurately thru systematic observation and experimentation, data can be observed, measured, verified thru senses
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ex: in physics, biology: reality is stable, unchanging, consistent across different contexts
researcher is independent of the subject, minimise influence of researchers' values, biases, personal interpretations on the findings
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2. Post-positivism
similarities w./posi: objective reality can be understood thru empirical investigation, rely on scientific methods, observable phenomena exist independently of human perception
differences: complete objectivity is unattainable, researchers must be reflexive about biases, encourages transparency in research process
3. Constructivism
reality is subjective, constructed by individuals thru personal experiences
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people construct realities thru ongoing interactions with others and within the broader social, cultural, historical contexts where they live
ex: understanding of identity, gender, social norms <= interactions with ppl, cultural values, historical events
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collaborative approach => deepens research findings, participants' voices are respected and valued.
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5. Interpretivism
reality is subjective, constructed in individuals' mind
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values subjective interpretations & emotions that shape ppl's understanding of the world around them
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ex: study immigration issue=> interpret experiences (feelings of belonging, identity, alienation), capture personal narratives
vs constructivism: relationship between researcher and participants: co-creator of knowledge, inter: researcher as an interpreter of meanings, no active influence or create participants' realities
6. Pragmatism
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balance the need for factual, reliable data with understanding of the social, cultural, emotional dimensions of research context
prioritise practical outcomes & real-world applications of research - produce abstract theories/universal truths + generate knowledge to solve real-world problems.
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ex: underlying causes of economic systems, cultural norms, power relations are not always immediately visible
encourage researchers to dig beneath surface-level observations, seek out often-complex interactions between different levels of reality
acknowledge complexity of the fact that 2 individuals experience the same event but interpret differently based on their socio-economic background, cultural/religious beliefs, historical context
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researchers bring own beliefs, biases, values to the research process => critically reflect and disclose their values => impact research