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ROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
ROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
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Louis Pasteur discovered the role of microbes in fermentation, identifying that they require substrates to produce metabolites.
The use of biological sciences in industry is called bioprocess. Microorganisms are widely used to produce amino acids (such as lysine and glutamic acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum), which are essential for food and medicine, as well as food additives like citric acid (produced by Aspergillus niger)
Mincroorganisms have been utilize for over a century, starting with the Babylonians and Sumerians using yeast for alcohol production. In the mid-19th century.
Large-scale cell growth is carried out in bioreactors under controlled conditions (aeration, pH, and temperature).
MICROORBEGANISMS
Main groups: Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa. Microorganisms are classified based on: Morphology, Physiology, Cell wall structure, Cell division, Cell propagation.
Impact on humans: Useful – Nonpathogens – Pathogens
Cannot be observed by the naked eye. Morphology can be seen under microscopes.
Cell functions: Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Organelles, Replication, Growth, Doubling time
Nutrients: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphate
Metabolism → Different nutrient sources → Waste conversion → Fermentation
Commercial products → Single cells – Large molecules – Primary metabolites – Secondary metabolites
Organism classes
Yeasts, molds, actinomycetes, single bacteria
Eukaryote (nucleus, mitochondria) vs prokaryote (no nucleus)
Clostridium – botulism toxin
Fermentation pathways
Homofermentative: 1 main product (yeast → ethanol + CO₂)
Heterofermentative: 2+ products (Lactobacillus → lactic acid; C. acetobutylicum → acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol)
Full aerobic oxidation → CO₂ + H₂O via glycolysis + energy
VOCABULARY
Link Title
APPLICATIONS OF ESCHERIACHIA COLI
Platform / Organism: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Facultative anaerobe, Gram-negative bacterium, Eukaryotes, Yeast.
Genetics & Tools: Genome sequencing (1997), EcoCyc, Genetic transformation, Genome editing, Computational tools, Metabolic engineering.
Disadvantages & Safety: Bacteriophage infection, Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin), Immune response, GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe).
Chemical / Metabolite Products: Ethanol, Citrate, Lysine, 1,3-propanediol (PDO), 1-butanol, Methionine.
Medical / Biological Products: Recombinant human insulin (Humulin), Protein therapeutics, Non-protein metabolites, Protein glycosylation.
Competing Microbes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Clostridium acetobutylicum.