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Community Development, Seven Arenas of Human Rights from Below (Ife, 2009)…

- - - - Cultural competence: the traditional idea of gaining enough skill and knowledge to work effectively with members of a given culture
      - cultural humility: an ongoing process of self-reflection, openly acknowledging one's own lack of knowledge, staying alert to power dynamics in relationships, and committing to lifelong learning rather than assuming expertise
    - - Culture
        
        Race
        
        Ethnicity
        
        Gender
        
        Age
        
        Social class
        
        Sexual orientation
        
        Disability
        
        Religion & spirituality
        
        Disability: The contrast between the traditional medical model (which treats disability as a pathology to diagnose and treat) and the social model (which views disability through social and environmental context)
    - - These dimensions produce distinct experiences of privelige or disadvantage. It discusses privilege as unearned advantage tied to a dominant-group membership, with a specific focus on white privilege.
    - - In practice: Community psychologists should examine their own worldview before entering a community, to recognise power differentials, and build relationships with community members who could guide culturally appropriate work.
      - In research: cultural humility means rethinking how questions are framed, which populations are sampled, and involving affected communities in shaping research questions (participatory action research). Researchers must also examine their own cultural assumptions and power position.
      - In program design: the "Water Boiling in a Peruvian Town" case study illustrates the risk of ignoring culture — a well-intentioned public health campaign to get women to boil drinking water failed because boiled water was locally associated with illness, not hygiene, and the intervention clashed with daily routines and gendered community leadership structures. The chapter also introduces Resnicow et al.'s distinction between surface structure (visible program features like staff demographics or language) and deep structure (deeper historical, social, and psychological understanding of a culture) as two levels programs must address — though matching either doesn't guarantee success.
- - - - no conflict
      - help
      - safety
      - valued based definition
      - lifestyle
- - - - The state can be accessible and participatory in the communit
      - Markets can operate locally and be a part of the community rather than a distant market force
      - The "social development" is often inititated top-down and writen from an NGO/UN perspective rather than genione community development (Midgely, 1997)