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Cell and Tissue Physiology, Membrane Potential - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Flat, nuclei central
    - - cube-shaped and nucleus central
    - - nuceli close to the base
  - - - More inclined to diffusion/exchange
    - - For protection
  - - - Squamous
        
        bowmanns capsule, alveoli, capillaries
      - Cuboidal
        
        Kidney nephron tubules (other than bowmann's capsule)
      - Psuedostratified
        
        Intestines and stomach lining
    - - Squamous
        
        Skin and esophagus
      - Cuboidal
        
        Salivary and sweat ducts
      - Columnar
        
        Lining of anus and eyelids
    - - Colunar
        
        Nasal passages, trachea, bronchi
  - - - Junction close to the apical surface of the cell, on the lateral surface in between cells, prevent the leakage of materials in the extracellular matrix in between cells. Also compartmentalizes the apical and basal membranes of the cell
    - - A channel that connects the cytoplasms of the adjacent cells allowing small ions or molecules to move across. The junction is made up of 2 connexons from each cell, each made up of proteins called connexins.
    - - These junctions anchor the cell to other cells or to the extracellular matrix
        
        Cell to cell
        
        Desmosomes
        
        Plaque, and transmembrane proteins, with intermediate filaments attatched on the cytoplasm side to the plaque to secure to the cell. Same thing in other cell, overlap of transmembrane proteins secure the desmosome. Desmosome is the entire thing
        
        Adherens
        
        Plaque, and transmembrane proteins, with actin filaments attatched on the cytoplasm side to the plaque to secure to the cell. Same thing in other cell, overlap of transmembrane proteins secure the adheren.
        
        Cell to matrix
        
        Hemidesmosomes
        
        Plaque, and transmembrane proteins, with intermediate filaments attatched on the cytoplasm side to the plaque to secure to the cell. transmembrane attatches to ECM
        
        Focal Adhesions
        
        Plaque, and transmembrane proteins, with actin filaments attatched on the cytoplasm side to the plaque to secure to the cell. Transmembrane attaches to ECM
- - - - Ground substance takes up the extracellular matrix in terms of quantity
      - Has all resident cells but fibroblasts are most common
  - - - The reticular fiber is found in marrow tissue, along with resident cells
  - - - Sparse in fibers to begin with
    - - High density collagen fibers, and thus high tensile strength
    - - Mostly elastic protein fibers although some collagen
  - - - Ground substance and protein fibers (in everything but blood)
        
        Grund susbtance is a gell, viscous substance mostly made up of water
        
        Protein fibers
        
        Collagen
        
        High tensile strength (can stretch without tearing), thick and not very branched.
        
        Reticular
        
        Highly branched, forms a net like support structure
        
        Elastic
        
        Can recoil back to original length, branched and thin but not as branched as reticular
    - - Macrophage
        
        Immune system cells
      - Adipocytes
        
        fat storage cells
      - Mesenchymal cells
        
        STEM cells that can become other connective tissue cells
      - Fibroblasts
        
        These produce the components of the extracellular matrix (fibers + ground substance)
- - - - Striated, multinucleated, long cylindrical cells
        
        Voluntary
    - - Nonstriated, uninucleated, has intercalated discs which allow for electrical signals to go from one cell to another, allowing them to contract at the same time, and highly branched.
        
        Involuntary
    - - Fusiform, not striated OR intercalated discs and uninucleated
        
        Involuntary
- - - - Oligodendorcytes
        
        In the CNS, can mylineate multiple sheaths at a time
      - Schwann cells
        
        Glial cells in the PNS, can myelinate one sheath at a time
- - - - Sphingosine is an 18 carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
  - - - Cerebroside
        
        1 sugar + ceramide
      - ganglioside
        
        3 sugars + ceramide (1 sugar must be salic acid)
- - - - Phosposerine, phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoinisitol
      - Each phosphoglyceride is:
- - - - Less interactions (VDW/intermolecular/hydrophobic), which leads to less energy to seperate, and thus more ability to move laterally and to rotate.
    - - Less vanderwaals interactions (intermolecular), less attraction = less energy to move laterally or to rotate)
  - - - As more cholesterol is added at higher temperatures, more interactions occur and there is less fluidity, although it still increases with temperature.
- - - - Glycosphingolipids are one such case
      - While some negatively charge phosphoglycerides are on the inside (with the phosphoserine group or the phosphoinositol group)
- - - - This region is for longer proteins, like signal transduction proteins, which requier the fatter membrane to have more interactions for stabiility.
      - It also provides a means for vesicle formation, as these areas are atightly packed and can contain essential proteins that are required for vesible formation
      - The lipid raft is not very fluid (due to tight packening) but the surrouding is, allowing for its movement -- althoguht some like the signal transduction do not move.