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Salivary Microanatomy, Saliva Physiology & Clinical Pathologies,…

- - - - Nucleus is compressed and flattened against the basal lamina
        
        Surrounded by Myoepithelial cells
        
        Apical: Mucin granules (PAS+)
        
        Basal: Flattened nucleus
        
        Elongated shape, wider lumen
        
        Larger, tubular shape with clear/pale cytoplasm in H&E
    - - Serous Demilune of Gianuzzi (Serous cap/crescent over mucous tubule)
        
        Mucous acinus base
    - - Spherical unit lined by triangular, polarized cells
        
        Surrounded by Myoepithelial cells
        
        Apical: Acidophilic zymogen granules
        
        Basal: Basophilic (RER + nucleus)
        
        Pyramidal cells, narrow lumen
    - - Contractile, basket-like cells lying between the basal lamina and parenchymal cells
        
        Contract to squeeze acinar contents into the duct system
  - - - Acinus (Primary Saliva Generation)
        
        Intercalated Duct (Passage of Böll) — [Squamous to Low Cuboidal]
        
        Striated Duct (Duct of Pflüger) — [Cuboidal to Columnar; Basal Infoldings]
        
        Excretory / Interlobular Ducts — [Pseudostratified Columnar]
        
        Progressively transition from pseudostratified to stratified columnar epithelium as they course through interlobular connective tissue septa to reach the mucosa
        
        Striated Appearance: Created by deep basal plasma membrane infoldings packed vertically with mitochondria to fuel active ion exchange (Na⁺ reabsorption, HCO₃⁻ secretion)
        
        Prominent in the submandibular gland; less developed in the sublingual gland
        
        Lined by high cuboidal/columnar cells
        
        Smallest ducts lined by low cuboidal epithelium; exceptionally long in the parotid gland
- - - - Electrolytes: Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
        
        Enzymes: α-Amylase, Lingual Lipase, Maltase
  - - - Protective: Lysozyme, sIgA
        
        Digestive: Carbohydrate/ lipid breakdown
  - - - Parotid: ~25%
        
        Sublingual + Accessory: ~5%
- - - - Inflammation usually driven by viral infection (Mumps virus targeting parotid acini) or secondary bacterial stagnation
  - - - Pleomorphic Adenoma
        
        Most common benign tumor (mixed tumor) of the salivary glands (predominantly parotid)
      - Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
        
        Most common malignant primary salivary gland neoplasm
  - - - Calculi (Stones) in duct
        
        Caused by Wharton's duct running an upward course, combined with submandibular saliva being more viscous, calcium-rich, and alkaline
  - - - Autoimmune destruction of exocrine acini causing severe xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca