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Cell&Tissue Physiology, Membrane Potential - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Loose connective tissue
        
        Most abundant form of connective tissue
        
        Has protein fibers and has all the resident cells but the fibroblast is the most abundant.
        
        Has a significant quantity of ground substance (high volume) compared to cells and protein fibers.
        
        Binds Epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
      - Dense (fibrous connective tissue)
        
        These have very little ground substance
        
        Most abundant protein fiber is collagen
        
        Makes up tendons and ligaments
        
        High protein fibers = higher tensile strength & resistance to stretching.
        
        COntains all resident cells with fibroblasts being most abundant.
      - Bone
        
        osteons form out of many layers of lamellae
        
        Lamellae include collagen fibers with hydrooxyapitite embedded in the fiber to provide more strength. The ground substance of the bone is also mineralized.
        
        Within the lamellae is also osteocytes, bone cells that have matured and have mineralized.
        
        At the center of the osteons are the blood vessels and nerve fibers
        
        Reticular fibers in red marrow
        
        Resident cells in the marrow tissue and not im the meralizd matrix
        
        Summary: essentially, bone is made up of a mineralized ground substance, hydropxyapitite inside the collagen fibers, with mature blood cells embdedded in (osteocytes), these form the lamellae which are linke rings in a tree to form the osteon with nerves and blood vessels in teh cennter. Many osteons form the bone, and on the surface of the bone is where you find oseteoblasts and osteoclasts.
        The resident cells and reticular fibers are found in the marrow tissue
      - Blood
        
        Does not have protein fibers in ground substance
        
        Has all resident cells
        
        Also has blood cells
        
        Erthryocytes
        
        No nuclei
        
        Leukocytes
        
        THrombocytes
        
        Extracellular matrix is called plasma
        
        plasma has water, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, salts and a variety of dissolved proteins.
        
        Transports nutrients, gases and wastes trhoughout the body (fluid connective tissue).
      - Cartilage
        
        Strong, flexible support material (and shock absorber)
        
        Most resident cells, not adipocytes
        
        Collegen is most abundant, not reticular fibers present.
        
        Types
        
        Hyaline
        
        Not characterized by protein fibers, clearer looking ground substance
        
        Fibrocartilage
        
        Densely layered collagen fibers
        
        Elastic Cartilage
        
        Visible elastic fibers in matrix
        
        Has chondroitin sulfates, polysaacharides that bind with ground substance proteins to form proteohylcanns. Cells that produce collegen fibers an chondroitin sulfate are called chondrocytes.
    - - Every connective tissue is made up of two materials
        
        Cells
        
        Resident cells
        
        Macrophage
        
        Immunal response
        
        Adipocyte
        
        a fat storing cell
        
        Fibroblast
        
        Produce the components of the extracellular matrix
        
        Mesenchymal
        
        Stem cells in the connective tissue, can become any other kind of cell
        
        Extracellular matrix
        
        Ground substance
        
        A thick, viscous, jelly like substance that forms the liquid that protein fibers and cell move around in, produced by fibroblasts.
        
        Protein fibers
        
        Collagen fibers
        
        Very thick, extensible AND elastic, which means that it can stretch and come back to its original length. Not highly branched
        
        Elastic Fibers
        
        Not as highly branched as reticular fibers, but extensible and elastic, which means it can stretch and return to its original shape.
        
        Reticular Fibers
        
        highly branched, thinner than collagen
        
        Not found in the ground substance of blood
  - - - Contraction is special to animal tissue
    - - Skeletal
        
        No intercalated discs, long cylindrical cells, not branched, striations, voluntary
      - Cardiac
        
        Intercalated discs (junctions between cardiac cells which allow for the conitnuation of electical signals so that heart cells contract at the same time), striations, uninucleated, involuntary, branching
      - Smooth
        
        Fusiform, uninucleated with no striations and intercalated discs. Involuntary,
  - - - Neurons
        
        Can further nerve signals (action potentials)
        
        Soma
        
        Where organelles are found, and the nucelus!
      - Glial cells (glia)
        
        Support neurons, with nutrients, exchange, and remylination
        
        Oligodendrocytes and schwann cells are glial cells
  - - - Categories of epithelial tissue
        
        Shape
        
        Squamous
        
        Flattened, squished epithelial cell with a central nucleus
        
        Cuboidal
        
        Cube shaped epithelial cell, with a central nucleus
        
        Columnar
        
        long, rectangle column shaped epithelial cells that have their nuclei close to the base of the cell.
        
        Layer
        
        Stratefied
        
        Squalmous
        
        Esophagus and skin
        
        Cuboidal
        
        Excretory ducts of sweat glands and salivary glands
        
        Columnar
        
        lining of anus and eyelids
        
        Simple
        
        Squamous
        
        Bowmann's capsule, capillaries, alveoli
        
        Cuboidal
        
        Kidney tubules lined
        
        Columnar
        
        lining of stomach, Lining of intestinal tract
        
        Psuedostratefied
        
        Columnar
        
        Nasal passages, trachea and bronchi
        
        When there is only 1 layer of cells, but their packing and squishing makes it appear that there are more than 1 under the microscope.
      - Characteristics of epithelial tissue
        
        Top surface (facing away from connective tissue) is the apical membrane, bottom surface (facing towards the connective tissue) is the basal membrane.
        
        The basal membrane of the epithelial cell secretes a substance called the basal lamina
        
        The basal lamina and resticular lamina come together, attatch to form the basement membrane. The basement membrane is what keeps tissues together.
        
        The connective tissue on the basal side secretes a substance called the reticular lamina
      - Cell junctions
        
        These are proteins on the surfaces (apical, basal or lateral) of the cells, that anchor the cell, allow for transport between cells and ensure that there is no leakage of material between the cells.
        
        Tight junction
        
        This is a protein that sits in between the membranes of two adjacent cells, closer to the apical side (thus splitting the cell into the apical and basal compartment), prevent the leakage of material from between the cell and allowing selective permeability to dictate what enters the extra cellular matrix
        
        Gap junction
        
        A gap junction contains two connexons, which are mad up of connexin proteins to form the protein channel that connects the cytoplasms of the two cells, allowing for exchange of molecules and small ions between the cells
        
        Anchoring Junction
        
        Cell-to-cell
        
        Desmosomes
        
        Attaches to intermediate filaments form the cells cytoskeleton, (attach to to the plaque of the desmosome), which attatches to transmembrane proteins which attach to the transmembrane proteins of the other cell's part of the desmosome.
        
        Adherens
        
        Adherens include actin filaments attaching to the plaque of the adheren, which attatches to transmembrane proteins and attatches to the transmembrane proteins of the other cell.
        
        Cell-to-extracellularmatrix
        
        Hemidesmosomes
        
        Half of the desmosome, where the transmembrane proteins attatch to the extracellular matrix (uses intermediate filaments(
        
        Focal Adhesions
        
        Half of an adheren, where the transmembrane proteins attach to the extracellular matrix and uses actin filmaments.
        
        These are junctions that anchor the cell in place, either side by side or to the matrix.
- - - - Different for different organisms
      - Glycosphingolipids are a glycolipid
- - - - Sphingosine amine bonded to a fatty acid tail
        
        Sphingosine is an amino alcohol (has an amino group AND an OH). It is an 18 carbon chain, with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain
    - - Cermaide bonded to phosphate group AND choline or ehtanolamine
      - Found in the nervous tissue (as myeline sheath)
    - - Cerebroside
        
        Ceramide + 1 sugar
      - Ganglisides
        
        Ceramide + 3 or more sugars (one must bs sialic acid)
      - Oligosaccharide (multiple sugars)
- - - - With temperature, decreases with a decrease temperature
      - Unsaturated fatty acids (with kinks) decrease membrane flidty
        
        This is because less complete side by side can occur, meaning less interactions (van der waals), which means its easier to move laterally (less energy to break said interactions)
      - Shorter fatty acid chains means less interactions (vanderwaals, hydrophobic interactions), more fluid, easier to move around.
  - - - Cholesterol
        
        High temperatures, its interactiosn with the fatty acid chains help hold the fluid membrane together
        
        Low temperature
        
        Its structure embdedded into the fluid membrane prevents tight packing, which increases at least SOME FLuidity.