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Oral Histophysiology, Taste Transduction & Pathologies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - α-Amylase (Ptyalin): Breaks down complex carbohydrates/starches
      - Lingual Lipase: Initiates lipid digestion (active across broad pH ranges)
      - Mucins: Humidify and coat the bolus for frictionless transport
  - - - Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, and lactoferrin in saliva neutralize pathogens; the Lingual Tonsil provides mucosal-associated lymphoid defense
    - - Teeth, tongue, lips, and hard/soft palates serve as resonance chambers and articulators for phonation
- - - - Alteration of Ion Channel Permeability & Membrane Potential
        
        Threshold Reached → Action Potential in Sensory Afferents
        
        Perception of Basic Taste Qualities (Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Umami)
- - - - Tobacco Interaction: Complex relationship; tobacco usage modulates mucosal keratinization and immunity, triggering or exacerbating aphthosis in specific subsets of patients.
        
        Nutritional Deficiencies: Frequently associated with deficiencies in Vitamin B12, Folate, or Iron (anemia workup indicated).
        
        Systemic Diseases: Must rule out Behçet's disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and Celiac disease.
    - - Common, benign, non-contagious ulcerative disease driven by cell-mediated immune responses
    - - Painful, erythematous mucosal patches progressing to small, punched-out aphthous ulcers with surrounding erythematous halos
  - - - Cariogenic Bacteria (Dental Plaque) + Fermentable Dietary Carbohydrates
        
        Organic Acid Production
        
        Sequence of Decay: Enamel demineralization (surface micro-cavitation) → Dentin destruction → Pulp chamber invasion (pulpitis)
      - Organic Acids + Tooth Enamel / Dentin Matrix
        
        Mineral Dissolution (Demineralization)