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THERMAL PHYSICS - Coggle Diagram
THERMAL PHYSICS
temperature
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if one object is hotter than another, there is a net flow of thermal energy from the hotter object into the colder one
thermal equilibrium is when there is no net flow of energy between two objects - objects are at the same temperature
the zeroth law of thermodynamics - if two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then all three objects are in thermal equilibrium with eachother.
celcius scale - uses the freezing and boiling point of pure water, with 100 incriments inbetween
increments on the celsius scale are equivalent to the increments on the kelvin scale, and so to convert between them, you add 273.16 to go from celsius to kelvin
the absolute temperature (using the kelvin) scale uses the triple point of pure water and absolute zero (no kinetic energy)
the kinetic model
in a solid all particles are arranged in a regular 3D structure with strong forces of attraction between them
particles vibrate around fixed positions with some kinetic energy
in a liquid particles are free to move around, the substance flows easily with no fixed shape (fills the container). There are still forces of attraction between particles, weaker than a solid but roughly the same density as solid form. Particles have more kinetic energy than in solid form.
in a gas, particles are far apart with almost no forces of attraction between them
Particles move about at high speeds and have more kinetic energy than at liquid form.
plasma is gas heated up to incredible heats. Ionisation occurs and the gas becomes a cloud of ions (atoms lose their electrons due to the heat)
the triple point
the specific temperature and pressure where the three phases of matter (solid, liquid and gas) can remain in thermal equilibrium - no net transfer of thermal energy.
density
the spacing between the particles in a substance in different phases affects the density of the substance
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internal energy
the sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of the molecules within the substances
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Heating a substance as it remains a solid, liquid or gas;
K.E increases whilst E.P.E remains the same
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