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Reasons for crime: - Coggle Diagram
Reasons for crime:
Edgework:
Katz:
Offending is caused by emotion: humiliation/rage. Young men are humiliated by childhood and lash out through crime.
We should look at the act itself as a way of maintaining self-respect, it is a way of releasing tension, humiliation and shame and feeling in control.
Lyng:
The world is too routine, some seek a feeling of loss of control, a thrill. They put themselves in a potentially risky situation to enjoy being on the edge of danger.
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Subcultures:
Cohen:
They, therefore, reject mainstream middle-class values and instead form/join delinquent subcultures. The subcultures values are spite, malice, hostility and contempt for those outside of it.
The boys create their own illegitimate opportunity structure in which they can win status from their peers through delinquent actions.
Deviance is a lower-class phenomenon because working-class boys face anomie in the education system. Boys feel status frustration as they are unable to achieve status a legitimate way.
Cloward and Ohlin:
Criminal subcultures: longstanding and stable with an established hierarchy, allow for training and progress through a criminal career ladder.
Conflict subcultures: areas of high turnover = social disorganisation. Prevents a stable criminal network from developing.
Different types of subcultures mean an unequal access to illegitimate opportunity structures -> different opportunities for young people to learn criminal skills and develop careers.
Retreatist subcultures: fail in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures. Some may turn to a retreatist subculture based on illegal drug use.
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Post-modernism:
Winlow:
Industry job opportunities have declined but the service sector has expanded, this has led to legal employment but with access to criminal gangs and a means of expressing masculinity.
2001 study of bouncers: paid work but an in to illegal activity, also has use of violence to show masculinity and gain status. Must maintain status through using bodily capital.
De-industrialisation has meant has loss of traditional manual jobs through which working class men could express their masculinity.
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