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Volcanic hazards - Coggle Diagram
Volcanic hazards
Direct hazards (primary)
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Ash fallout - Explosive eruptions blast solid and molten rock fragments (called tephra or pyroclastic) into the air with tremendous force. A huge billowing eruption column can reach 20km in just 30mins. Whilst larger rocks tend to fall to Earth within a couple of kilometres of the vent, ash can be carried tens or even hundred of kilometres.
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Socio-economic impacts
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Destruction of infrastructure - roads, airstrips and port facilities
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