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molecular genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a unit of inheritance with a specific sequence of nucleotides as part of a DNA molecule that contains the information to make a polypeptide
        
        polypeptide formed will be folded into a protein in RER or cytoplasm
  - - - a molecule of DNA condensed during cell division-> form a chromosome
  - - - genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
    - - one single nucleotide consists of exactly
        
        1 phosphate group
        
        1 deoxyribose sugar
        
        1 nitrogenous base (A=T C(triple bond)G)
      - one DNA strand
        
        the two polynucleotide chains are joined in an anti-parallel manner through complementary base-pairing between the nitrogenous bases-> forming double stranded structure
        
        rule of complementary based pairing
        
        A(double bond)T
        
        C(triple bond)G
        
        the entire molecule coils to form double helix
        
        one nucleotide joins with deoxyribose sugar of the next nucleotide to form sugar phosphate backnbone of DNA along 2 polynucleotide chains
      - process of DNA replication
        
        each polynucleotide strand of the original DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary polynucleotide strand
        
        two strands of the parent (the original) double helix are first separated by enzymes
        
        DNA replicates through (the process of) semi-conservative replication
        
        with the assistance of other enzymes, nucleotides are bound to teach polynucleotide strand template following the rules of complementary base pairing (AT, CG)
        
        this forms 2 double stranded DNA molecules, each molecule consisting of one half of the original parent strand + a newly synthesized daughter strand
      - what does it do?
        
        used to carry genetic code, used to synthesis specific polypeptides
        
        DNA directs RNA synthesis, (therefore, thru RNA), DNA controls protein synthesis
        
        (therefore) RNA us an intermediate in protein synthesis
        
        cells can control their gene expression-> genes can be expressed or not expressed
        
        expressed
        
        proteins are produced
        
        different cells express different genes (but that doesn't mean that every cell has that gene going for them I think)
        
        e.g liver cells produce blood plasma proteins and pancreatic cells produce insulin even tho they both have identical DNA
        
        not expressed
        
        well nth happens man
        
        gene expression
        
        all organisms use the same basic universal mechanism of gene expression.
        
        the flow: DNA->RNA-> protein
        
        definition
        
        the process in which the gene is accessed by enzymes, irst to synthesise RNA then proteins, which eventually affects the phenotype (characteristics) of an organism
- - - - in an mRNA molecule, base T replaced by base U
      - 3 bases on the mRNA codon
      - each codon codes for specific mRNA
      - 20 diff amino acids coded by codons
      - protein folding
        
        changes in structure of the protein could result in a change/ loss of function of the protein