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THE IDEA OF CULTURE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - when we become aware that someone has breakfast in a different way, our first reaction would be alienation (we consider it wrong) but then we tend to consider it an alternative
        
        once we have accepted the possibility of certain things to be carried out in a way that is different from ours, we are indeed approaching language in a way that is similar to the way native speakers do
        
        we become natively competent when we manage to understand that the tool we are using is a tool that influences the way we perceive the world and you can use that tool to codify the view of the world
        
        you use the second language (symbols, words, mechanisms...) with the meaning that that word would have in our language > we take the English word and we substitute it with the Italian word (something cannot correspond > for example tenses)
        
        things are going to change when you start using those terms with the meaning that those terms have in their culture (tea is not just a cup of water > for them tea means feeling at home, at ease) > your brain accepts this as being another way of reality
- - - - L2 word: tea, taxi, being late
      - L1 concept: simply an aromatic beverage, for special occasions, FTA
      - Referent: something to drink during breaks, rarely used mean of transport, being late = little respect to others
  - - - L2 word: tea, taxi, being late
      - L2 concept: habit/ritual + tradition, alternative to car or buses, flexibility/few time constraints
      - Referent: offered to show solidarity/to make people feel at home (tea time, tea rooms), common mean of transport, different way of holding time (rather than canceling on you, they are making an effort to come)
  - - - Safe and sound (not sound and safe), you know what I mean, high hopes, public opinion > you can't reverse the order of the "complex word", they have to maintain a specific order
    - - If/when don't go with will, wait+for, contribute to+ing, never/always + present tenses...
    - - Large+numbers/amounts/quantities, absolutely+maximiers (absolutely extraordinary, disgusting), lack of positive/neutral terms
    - - Absolutely > openly positive/negative, not neutral
      - Lack of > negative connotation
      - Perfectly > positive connotation
      - Happen > negative connotation (incidents...)
  - - - L2: word "If/when" (hypothesis) > L2: concept, hypothesis =/= FUTURE
        
        L1 "lo farò quando avrò tempo" =/= L2 "I'll do that when I have time"
      - L2 word never/always > L2 concept: the (series of) action (s) has not been completed (similar to Italian)
        
        L2 "I've never read this book" (but I might do that tomorrow)
  - - - Open choice principle > native speakers have free lexical choice
      - The idiom principle (or phraseological principle) > speakers make use of pre-constructed multi-word combinations
        
        default principle
        
        the phraseological load in our native lexicons (connotation, expectations, presupposition) is far more important than the exactness and semantic precision
        
        native speakers and competent non native speakers may express the same meaning in different ways