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(Consists of 10 enzymatic steps, Is essential in tissues with limited…
- Consists of 10 enzymatic steps
- Energy investment phase (Steps 1–5)
- Energy payoff phase (Steps 6–10)
- Is essential in tissues with limited oxygen
- e.g. red blood cells and exercising muscle
- Pyruvate is formed from some amino acids
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- Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
- Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
- Glucose (6C) is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C)
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- First stage of glucose catabolism
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- is phosphorylated by → Hexokinase
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- produces → Glucose-6-phosphate
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- is isomerized by → Phosphoglucose isomerase
- produces → Fructose-6-phosphate
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- is phosphorylated by → PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1)
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- produces → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
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- produces → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
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- is isomerized by → Triose phosphate isomerase
- produces → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
- Steps 4–5 occur twice because two GAP molecules are formed
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- is oxidized and phosphorylated by → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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- produces → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H⁺
7. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
- donates a phosphate to → ADP
- by → Phosphoglycerate kinase
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- produces → 3-Phosphoglycerate
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- is rearranged by → Phosphoglycerate mutase
- produces → 2-Phosphoglycerate
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- is dehydrated by → Enolase
- produces → Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + H₂O
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- donates a phosphate to → ADP
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- Inhibited by → Glucose-6-phosphate
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- Activated by → Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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- Inhibited by → H⁺ (low pH)
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- Activated by → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
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- In liver → inhibited by phosphorylation (glucagon)
- In liver → activated by dephosphorylation (insulin)
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- Steps 1, 3 and 10 are irreversible
- These steps commit and control glycolysis
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- increases Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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- decreases Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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- 2 ATP (4 produced − 2 used)
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- transfers electrons to → Electron Transport Chain
- produces additional ATP aerobically
- supports fermentation to regenerate NAD⁺ anaerobically
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- Provides ATP rapidly for immediate energy needs
- Supplies intermediates for other metabolic pathways
- Functions under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
- Helps maintain blood glucose levels through glucose utilization
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- by → Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- enters → Krebs cycle (aerobic)
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- by → Lactate dehydrogenase
- under → anaerobic conditions
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- allows glycolysis to continue → in absence of oxygen
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- Pyruvate and glycolytic intermediates
- can be used as substrates for → gluconeogenesis
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- connects glycolysis ↔ amino acid metabolism
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- NADH produced in glycolysis
- transfers electrons to → Electron Transport Chain
- contributes to → ATP production
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- increases → ATP production
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- increases → Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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- decreases → Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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- allows → glycolysis to continue
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- transfers electrons to → Electron Transport Chain
- contributes to → ATP production