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(LYCOLYSIS) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hexokinase | ATP → ADP | Phosphorylation
    - - Phosphoglucose isomerase | Isomerisation
    - - Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) | ATP → ADP | Rate-limiting step
    - - Aldolase | Cleavage into two 3-carbon molecules
    - - Triose phosphate isomerase | DHAP is converted to G3P
    - - G3P dehydrogenase | NAD+ → NADH + H+ | Pi added | Oxidation
    - - Phosphoglycerate kinase | ADP → ATP | Substrate-level phosphorylation
    - - Phosphoglycerate mutase | Phosphate changes position
    - - Enolase | H2O removed | Forms high-energy PEP
    - - Pyruvate kinase | ADP → ATP | Substrate-level phosphorylation
  - - - Inhibits PFK-1 → decreases glycolysis
    - - Activate PFK-1 → increases glycolysis
    - - Activates PFK-1 → increases glycolysis
    - - Inhibits PFK-1 → decreases glycolysis
    - - Inhibits PFK-1
    - - Promotes glycolysis in liver
      - ↑ fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    - - Decreases glycolysis
      - Promotes glucose production
  - - - Amino acids
      - Lipids
      - Other cellular compounds
  - - - Uses 2 ATP
    - - Produces 4 ATP
      - Produces 2 NADH
    - - 2 ATP
      - 2 NADH
      - 2 pyruvate
    - - Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
  - - - Dietary glucose
      - Glycogen breakdown
      - Gluconeogenesis
    - - Also enters pentose phosphate pathway
      - Can enter glycogen synthesis
    - - Enters citric acid cycle after conversion to Acetyl-CoA
      - Enters fermentation when NAD+ must be regenerated
      - Can provide a starting material for gluconeogenesis
      - Connects with amino acid metabolism through alanine
    - - Opposing pathways
      - Share reversible reactions
      - Use different enzymes at irreversible control steps
  - - - Inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate
      - Feedback inhibition prevents unnecessary glucose phosphorylation
    - - Activated by AMP, ADP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
      - Inhibited by ATP, citrate, low pH
      - High ATP → energy is sufficient → glycolysis slows
      - Low energy → glycolysis increases
    - - Activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
      - Inhibited by ATP and alanine
      - Liver: glucagon promotes inhibition by phosphorylation
      - Insulin promotes activation by dephosphorylation
  - - - Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
        
        Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
        
        → Citric acid cycle → further energy production
    - - Pyruvate → Lactate
        
        Lactate dehydrogenase
        
        Regenerates NAD+ → allows glycolysis to continue
      - Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO2
        
        Yeast and some microorganisms
        
        Regenerates NAD+
    - - Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate → supports gluconeogenesis
      - Pyruvate → Alanine → amino acid metabolism
      - Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → lipid synthesis when energy is abundant
  - - - Occurs in essentially all cells
      - Does not require oxygen
      - Can occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions