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GLYCOLYSIS
(Embed-Meyerhof Pathway)
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in…
GLYCOLYSIS
(Embed-Meyerhof Pathway)
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytosol to generate ATP and NADH
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⑤ FATES OF PYRUVATE 🔀
- Anaerobic conditions (oxygen absent)
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Pyruvate can be converted to:
- Alanine (transamination）
- Oxaloacetate (for gluconeogenesis）
- Aerobic conditions (oxygen present)
Pyruvate transported into mitochondria and converted to Acetyl-CoA by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
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Notes:
-ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
-NADPH can enter the electron transport chain （aerobic or can be used in fermentation (anaerobic)
⑨ CRITICAL THINKING & INTEGRATION 🧠
-Glycolysis connects carbohydrate metabolism with energy production.
-Regulation adjust glycolysis according to the cell needs energy.
-Intermediates serve as branch points for multiple metabolic fates.
-Energy status controls pathway rate High ATP decreases glycolysis; AMP/ADP increase glycolysis.
-Oxygen availability affects pyruvate fate: Aerobic conditions favour Acetyl-CoA formation; anaerobic conditions favour lactate formation.
-NAD⁺ regeneration allows glycolysis to continue anaerobically.
ABBREVIATION;
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate
ADP = Adenosine diphosphate
NAD+ = Adenosine diphosphate
NADH = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
Pi = Inorganic phosphate
F2,6-BP = Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
PEP = Phosphoenolpyruvate
G6P = Glucose-6-phosphate
G3P = Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate