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MODULE 2 - Coggle Diagram
MODULE 2
Principles of Neuroanatomy: A Short Introduction
Brain Information
Action potential: electrical message
Signal path: moves down the axon
Signal change: electrical to chemical
Teamwork: many neurons combine information
Brain Organization
Connections: help determine each neuron's job
Networks: keep information organized
Synaptic pruning: removes less useful connections
Connectome: the brain's wiring map
Brain Communication
Synapse: small space between neurons
Neurotransmitters: carry chemical messages
Receptors: receive the chemical messages
Glial cells: protect and support neurons
Brain Structure
Main Parts:
Brainstem: connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls breathing and heart rate
Cerebellum: controls balance and coordinated movement
Cerebrum: controls thinking, memory, senses, and movement
Two hemispheres
Right hemisphere
Left hemisphere
Four main lobes
Parietal lobe: touch and body position
Frontal lobe: planning, decisions, movement, and personality
Temporal lobe: hearing, memory, and language
Occipital lobe: vision
White matter: carries messages between brain areas
Gray matter: processes information
Brain Components
Dendrites: receive messages
Soma: cell body that organizes messages
Neurons: main cells that process information
Axon: carries messages forwrad
Neuroanatomical Bases of Human Behavior
Gray Matter Anatomy: contains neuron cell bodies and processes information
Cortical Layers
The cerebral cortex usually has six layers
Different types of neurons are found in different layers
The arrangement of the layers helps determine an area's job
Cytoarchitecture and Connectivity
Connectivity: how brain cells are connected
A neuron's connections help determine its job
Cytoarchitecture: how brain cells are arranged
Neuronal Populations
Spinous stellate cells: receive information about sight, sound, and touch
Aspiny stellate cells: slow down or stop neuron activity
Pyramidal cells: send activating messages over long distances
White Matter Anatomy: contains axons covered with myelin, carries messages between brain areas, and myelin helps messages travel faster
White Matter Pathways
Projection Pathways
Carry messages up and down
Connect the cortex with lower brain areas and the spinal cord
Carry sensory information and movement instructions
Association Pathways
Connects areas on the same side of the brain
Short fibers connect nearby areas
Long fibers connect areas farther apart
Commissural Pathways
Allow both sides to share information
Include the corpus callosum
Connect the left and right sides of the brain
Meynert's Rule and Concentric Zones
Long fibers travel through deeper white matter
White matter is arranged in inner and outer layers
Short fibers stay close to the cerebral cortex
Plasticity in the Adult Brain
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties of abGCs
abGCs are adult born granule cells created in the hippocampus
Their first three weeks are important for the growth and connection
One abGC can influence many other neurons in the hippocampus
Stress Influences Adult Neurogenesis
Long term stress can shrink dendrites and reduce connections
Some brain changes may improve after the stress is removed
Stress can reduce the number of new neurons
Adult Neurogenesis
Proliferation: new cells are created
Differentiation: cells develop into neurons or support cells
Survival: some neurons live, grow, and join the brain's network
Environmental Enrichment and Physical Exercies
Enriched environments help newborn neurons survive
Exericise and enrichedment together provides greater benefits
Exercise increqase the creation of new brain cells
History of Structural Plasticity
Studies in the 1960s showed that experience could change the brain
Adult neurogensis became widely accpeted during the late 1990's
Scientist once believe the adult brian could not grow or change
Contribution of abGCs to Behavior
More abGCs are connected with better learning and memory
Learning can help new neurons survive
abGCs may help with stress control and coping