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DIGESTION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Carbon
      - Hydrogen
      - Oxygen
    - - Starch in rice, bread, noodles and potatoes
      - Different forms of sugars in fruits
    - - Provide primary source of energy for various activities such as growth and movement
  - - - Carbon
      - Hydrogen
      - Oxygen
    - - Butter, margarine and cheese
    - - Provide twice amount of energy compared to carbohydrates of the same mass
      - Stored under the skin to insulate body from excessive heat loss
  - - - Carbon
      - Hydrogen
      - Oxygen
      - Nitrogen
      - Sulphur
      - Phosphorus
    - - Meat, fish, milk, nuts and eggs
    - - For growth of new cells and tissues
      - Repair of damaged tissues
      - Sources of energy when carbohydrates and fats are not available
- - - - When they are broken down into smaller and simple form,
        
        they can then move through the intestinal walls and enter bloodstream to be transported to all parts of the body.
  - - - why is it important?
        
        To allow food subsrance to enter blood through the intestinal wall.
      - where does it take place
        
        Mouth (starch)
        
        Stomach (protein)
        
        Small intestine (carbohydrate, fats and proteins)
      - what is it
        
        The identities of food substances do change, so new products are formed.
        
        It is a process whereby large molecules are broken down into smaller and simple molecules by enzymes.
    - - Why is it important?
        
        to increase their surface area
      - Where does it take place?
        
        Mouth (chewing action)
        
        Oesophagus (peristalsis)
        
        Stomach (churning action)
        
        Small intestine (emulsification)
      - What is it?
        
        It is a physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
        
        The identities of food substances do remain unchanged, so no new products are formed
- - - - vomiting
      - diarrhoea
      - stomach cramps
      - fever
      - others.
- - - - Starch is digested into maltose by salivary amylase.
    - - Food is chewed with the help of teeth to cut and grind them into smaller pieces. This increases their surface area and allows enzymes to digest them faster.
- - - - Name of enzyme
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        proteins → amino acids
        
        Proteases
    - - Name of enzyme
        
        Carbohydrases
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        carbohydrates → glucose
      - Name of enzyme
        
        Proteases
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        proteins →amino acids
      - Name of enzyme
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        starch → maltose
        
        Amylase
      - Name of enzyme
        
        Maltase
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        maltose → glucose
      - Name of enzyme
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        fats → glycerol + fatty acids
        
        Lipase
    - - Name of enzyme
        
        Salivary amylase
        
        Function of enzyme
        
        starch → maltose
  - - - The active site is the place where a food complex substance is broken down into simpler substances.
    - - Hence, each enzyme can only break down one type of food.
- - - - The churning action by the muscular wall of the stomach causes food to break up further into smaller pieces.
        
        It also helps food mix with gastric juice.
    - - Proteins are digested into amino acids by proteases.
  - - - The partly digested food is called chyme.
    - - Hydrochloric acid has two important functions:
        
        provide acidic environment for proteases to work effectively
        
        kill bacteria in the food
- - - - Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
        
        It is released into the small intestine when fats reach the region.
      - Bile is not an enzyme.
        
        It is a substance to break up fat molecules into fat globules.
        
        This process is called the emulsification.
        
        Emulsification increases the surface area of the fat molecules so that they can be digested by lipase faster.
    - - The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice and the small intestine secretes intestinal juice.
        
        These juices contain various enzymes such as amylase, maltase, carbohydrases, proteases and lipase.
        
        – Carbohydrates are digested by carbohydrases into glucose.
        
        – Proteins are digested by proteases into amino acids.
        
        – Maltose are digested by maltase into glucose.
        
        – Fats are digested by lipase to fatty acids and glycerol
        
        – Starch are digested by amylase into maltose.