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EVIDENTIALITY AND EVALUATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - This is wrong
      - On the basis of what we know this is wrong, p sounds more reliable
      - Brexit is problematic (could be your own opinion, why do I trust you?) / Experts say that Brexit is problematic > more reliable (we do not question)
  - - - INDUCTION > from observation; is the getting on some conclusion on the basis of what we directly observe
        YOU OBSERVE > YOU GENERALIZE
        ex: seem, appear, look like; must, necessity, see, hear, feel, sound > "He seems tired" > based on what I see
        MUST used as logical necessity > "She must be late" (you don't have evidence, but based on her punctuality, she must be late)
      - BELIEF > it's questionable, it's granted; from postulates, axioms (on principle that you consider always applicable) > must, cannot think, believe, guess, suggest... > it's not on the base of observation, this is instead what I think; ex "You mustn't do that, I think this is right..." > what you want to do is wrong, you must not
      - DEDUCTION > from hypothesis, i.e. should, may, could...; ex "This should work"
      - HEARSAY > from accepted ideas, i.e. say, tell, report, claim > is when you make reference to things as a piece of evidence just because the community you're talking to shares this idea
  - - - Formulation with the verb to be + adjective > it is evident that, it is well known, it is clear...
      - Passive verbal structures > it is believed, it has been demonstrated... > instead of saying "we beleive", "we have demonstrated" > this is strategic
      - Impersonal construction > it seems (instead of saying "This seems" > no one is involved in this > IMPERSONAL), they say... or markers of sharedness > as we know very well, as we can see...
- - - - Factive (explicit agreement) > you express that you share a certain point of view explicitly
      - Non-factive (implicit agreement) > by saying "As Teresa may say" if I quote her it's because I agree with her; you say something that is reliable
    - - Non-factive stylistic > you express your judgement (in terms of positive and negative evaluation not with respect to the content conveyed by someone else, but you express the judgement on the way certain contents have been presented; ex "As Teresa may clearly point out" > clear to interpret
      - Non-factive tentative
    - - Non-factive/critical > implicit disagreement
      - Counter-factive > explicit disagreement