Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 6- Memory - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6- Memory
memory: an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organises it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage
-
-
encoding: set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems
models of memory
information-processing model: model that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages, processed through different stages of memory
levels-of-processing model: model that assumes information that is more "deeply processed", or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word/words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
parallel distributed processing (PDP) model: model in which memory processes are proposed to take place simultaneously over a large network of neural connections
hippocampus, temporal lobe -> responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories
retrieval of LTM
recall and recognition
recall: type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues
primary effect: tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows
recency effect: tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it
serial position effect: tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information
-
automatic encoding, flashbulb memories
automatic encoding: tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little/no effortful encoding
flashbulb memories: type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it
retrieval cues
encoding specificity: tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved
-
state-dependent learning -> particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state
reconstructive nature of LTM retrieval, how reliable are memories
constructive processing of memories: retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information
hindsight bias: tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event
-
-
forgetting
-
reasons we forget
-
interference theory: memories may not always be accessible to attempted retrieval because other informaiton interferes
proactive interference: memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information
retroactive interference: memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
-
neuroscience of memory
-
organic amnesia
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
anterograde amnesia: memory for anything new becomes impossible, old memories may still be retrievable
-
-
-