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Urban Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - many of the houses consist of mud huts & shacks
      - toilet-people ratio is 1:500 - due to lack of proper sanitation toilets, residents resorted to use of 'flying toilets
        
        defecate in a bag then throw the bag into the overburdened drainage ditches
        
        flushing toilets increasingly being installed in the neighbourhoods
      - had no running water until recently & needed to be collected from the Nairobi dam or from communal taps
      - trash not properly disposed of & accumulates in the environment
    - - residents may be affected by water-borne diseases when contaminated water is contaminated from the Nairobi dam
      - made worse by the flying toilets that were thrown into the rivers or even into the streets
    - - high unemployment (50%), especially among the youth
      - around 50% of those with jobs are employed in nearby Nairobi, usually as cheap unskilled labour
      - employment in Kibera itself is mostly low paying - souvenir making, hawker, hairdresser & manual labour
      - income is low & most people live on less than $2/day
    - - some parts of the slums are controlled by gang members; crimes like theft exist & stolen good are sold on black markets
      - trains travelling along the tracks that pass through the slum may pose security risks for the inhabitants
      - drug & alcohol abuse are prevalent
  - - - 18-22m housing deficit, only 10% who desire owning a home in Nigeria can afford 1
    - - many houses are built of hardwood & they sit on stilts driven into the riverbed
      - overcrowding, each house accommodates 6-10 people on average
      - large % of houses have no electricity & they depend on charging stations round the community to charge their phones
      - 75% of households live in 1 room, & only 10% having piped water
        
        55% use a well or borehole to obtain water
        
        most households use either a pit latrine where sewage soaks into the ground or a pail latrine where sewage is poured into a drain or river
        
        disease risk high due to the lack of sanitation
      - air quality compromised due to it being filled with smoke from smokehouses for fish
    - - education around family planning lacking, so fertility rates are high - constantly increasing population which is hard to provide services for
      - large family sizes - hard to provide adequate food for all children in the family so levels of malnutrition are high
      - waters highly polluted from sewage due to lack of sanitation & as a waste dump for the city
        
        fish population declined significantly
        
        fishing is hazardous & unproductive, impacting health & income
      - sewage causes waterborne diseases like cholera - incidence of untreated disease increased infant mortality rate & lowered life expectancy
    - - 2 schools - 1 on land built with bricks & 1 on water built with woods
      - most families cannot afford to send their children to school so less than 10% of the population attend primary school
    - - most work in the informal sector, so very little tax is generated to invest into essential services
      - women may sell household goods, food & water from canoes
      - other types of employment - salt making, sand dredging, sawmills, firewood & fishing
      - the home building & boat building industries & the the business that bring clay & laterite for landfills provide locals with employment opportunities
    - - physical geography makes it hard to police the settlement & corruption is widespread
      - area controlled by "Area Boys" - organised gangs of street children known to engage in hustling, informal security & sometimes drug-dealing & extortiin
  - - - migrants receive low wages - urban poverty
        
        for individuals, poverty of access to:
        
        clean water & sanitation - lead to diseases & poor health
        
        healthcare - low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate & high fertility rate
        
        education - lack of qualifications & marketable skills
        
        leading to vicious cycle of poverty, where there's a low chance for descendants to move up the socioeconomic ladder & thus remaining poor
        
        lead to income inequality
        
        growing up in low-income home
        
        hunger, poor health & living conditions
        
        less educational opportunities & achievements
        
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        for the country,
        
        large existence of informal equality, where economic activities, jobs & workers are not regulated or protected by the state
        
        less tax revenue collected by the government, leading to inability to provide housing & basic services for everyone
    - - pull
        
        safety & stability (political)
        
        higher wages (economic)
        
        food availability (social)
        
        family reunification (social)
        
        availability of services (healthcare, education, etc.) (social)
      - push
        
        crop failure & famine (environmental)
        
        war & violence (political)
        
        lack of jobs (economic)
- - - - accelerating rural-urban migration & urbanisation
        
        more cities struggle with environmental degradation, traffic congestion, inadequate urban infrastructure & a lack of basic services
        
        environmental footprints of cities are alarming & can threaten the natural resources required to sustain the economic development & poverty alleviation rates
  - - - bicycles outnumber cards more than 5 to 1, 42% of residents bike to work
      - achieved through city management - cycling superhighways created across the city by a series of paths & bridges designed specifically for bikers
    - - mandated that garages & parking lots install EV charging stations for over 10% of their spaces, aims to achieve 100% emission-free ground transportation within 20 years
    - - implements multiple sustainability programmes - Zero Waste project, city bike rentals & urban parks built on landfill sites
      - 550 community gardens
    - - entirely self-sustainable via renewable energy - powered by clean energy produced by recycling water with waste, 60% green spaces irrigated with gray wastewater, banned single-use plastic bags
    - - programme to distribute seedlings to communities
    - - programme to educate school children in urban farming
    - - leader in green building tech, implemented practices like using high-density materials that capture & release solar heat to aid in heating & cooling
  - - - designed through urban planning & city management
- - - - may have to travel far to fetch water, which may sometimes not be available or contaminated
      - cannot afford connecting house to main water supply or sewage as its out of reach financially
  - - - 2m under-5s die in Indian slums & villages each year
      - diarrhea is the largest killer of children under 5 in the poorest countries of the world
  - - - up to 3 billion people struggle to afford housing
- - - - however, housing in cities are usually expensive because of the high land rant, so they have to find cheap housing to continue to stay in the city or its fringe
        
        old & run-down areas with few/poor services
        
        squatter settlements - slums illegally occupying land that is usually deemed undesirable for living
        
        near industrial areas, landfills, swamps or train tracks