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Antimicrobial Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Antimicrobial Resistance
Definition
Microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs
Standard treatment becomes less effective
Resistant organisms can survive and multiply
Causes
Overuse of antibiotics
Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions
Incorrect antibiotic choice
Incomplete treatment
Self-medication
Poor infection control
Use of antibiotics in agriculture
Poor-quality or counterfeit medicines
Mechanisms of Resistance
Enzyme production – destroys or modifies the drug
Altered target sites – drug can no longer bind effectively
Reduced permeability – less drug enters the microorganism
Efflux pumps – drug is actively removed
Biofilm formation – protects microorganisms from antimicrobials
Transfer of resistance genes between bacteria
Factors Increasing AMR
Poor antimicrobial prescribing
Lack of diagnostic testing
Poor patient adherence
Overcrowding
Poor sanitation and hygiene
Inadequate infection prevention
Excessive antimicrobial use in animals
Consequences
Treatment failure
Longer illness
Increased hospitalisation
Increased healthcare costs
Increased morbidity and mortality
Limited treatment options
Spread of resistant organisms
Prevention
Antimicrobial stewardship
Use antibiotics only when necessary
Choose the correct antimicrobial
Use the correct dose and duration
De-escalate treatment when culture results are available
Complete prescribed treatment
Avoid self-medication
Culture and sensitivity testing when appropriate
Vaccination
Hand hygiene
Proper infection-control measures
Safe food and water practices
Control antimicrobial use in animals
Public and healthcare-worker education