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NON RESPECTING THE MAXIMS - Coggle Diagram
NON RESPECTING THE MAXIMS
4 CASES TO FLOUTING MAXIMS
what it means
speakers appear not to follow the maxims but expect the hearers to appreciate the meaning implied
the speaker assumes that the hearer knows that their words should not be taken at face value and that they can infer the implicit meaning
MAXIM OF QUANTITY
> "How old are you?" "Older than I wish..." > the disrespect of the maxims can still make sense
MAXIM OF QUALITY
> "What time is it?" "Almost two..."
MAXIM OF RELATION/RELEVANCE
> "Have you finished the book?" "I have watched a very nice movie instead..."
MAXIM OF MANNER
> "What's that thing in your hand?" "You see, one of those objects used for writing..."
RESPECTING THE MAXIMS
EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION
> you provide information on the basis of the respect of the different maxims
the message you provide/present has to be
informative
and
transparent
cooperation < intelligibility
little engaging/possibily boring
> this type of communication is not always stimulating so the interlocutor can find it boring
these texts are meant to inform so they have to be as clear as possible, but we tend to perceive them as boring
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
> not immediately transparent (information to be disambiguated)
you have to try to complete the information and negotiate them
this is clearly stimulating and
very engaging
texts where the information is just an excuse, these kind of texts has mainly a
social purpose
cooperation "beyond" intelligibility < implicature
5 CASES OF NON RESPECTING A MAXIM
FLOUTING
(cooperative) > this is the typical case of disrespect; what you really do is to exaggerate the disrespect of the maxim; you want the interlocutor to notice that you are disrespecting the maxim and make it easy to recover
OPTING OUT
(cooperative) > there are circumstances where you have to provide information that either you don't have or you don't want to provide
COPING WITH THE CLASH BETWEEN MAXIMS
> you don't know/you can't give the information that is required, but instead of saying that you don't know you try to cooperate by using the other maxims
VIOLATION
> this is basically the case of lying; you don't want the interlocutor to know that you are lying/disrespecting the maxim; this clearly exits cooperation because you are betraying your interlocutor, you are manipulating someone that does not know he's being manipulated
INFRINGING
> the first case is when you cannot provide information because you don't know the language; the second case is when you are in an altered state, so you are not able to use the language in a way that is comprehensible
RECOVERING COOPERATION
disrespecting a maxim does not disrupt cooperation > implicatures
inferences (form of interpretation) based on cotext (text you are producing) and context (situational, background)
resulting from cognitive processing of linguistic/semantic elements (but, because, in fact... > relationship between meanings)
2 types of implicatures
CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES
> in order to understand what is going on you have to be there (only the participants are familiar with)
CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURES
> based on linguistical and cultural conventions > ex "Do you want to come with us?" "Why not?" we know it's a yes