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Chp. 3 - Psychosocial Theory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stage theories propose a specific direction for development. Each stage is unique and leads to the acquisition of new skills related to new capabilities.
        
        The concept of stages of development refers to a pattern of changes in the self-concept based on new cognitive capacities, new learning, and the acquisition of new relationship skills.
        
        At each stage, the biological, psychological, and societal systems converge around a set of defining challenges that require a new view of the self in society and a new way of relating to others.
    - - Assumption --> the stages form a sequence
        
        3 Criticisms of the layout of the life span: 1. Even though the boxes look even, each stage is has a different length. 2. The figure suggests discrete shifts from one stage to the next, themes of these stages overlap. 3. The idea of psychosocial evolution has validity, new stages can be expected as a culture evolves.
        
        Text identified 11 stages of psychosocial development. Added a prenatal stage, two stages of adolescent, and elder hood, they added 3 stages to those proposed by Erikson.
  - - - Sensitive periods - times when the person is most ready to acquire a new ability
        
        Basic premise --> a relatively small number of major psychosocial challenges dominate a person's problem-solving efforts and learning during a given stage of life
        
        As these tasks are mastered, new competencies enhance the person's ability to engage in more complex social relationships and advanced problem-solving
        
        We assume that successful cultures will stimulate behavior that helps its members learn what they need to know for both their own survival and that of the group
  - - - Crisis - a normal set of stresses and strains rather than an extraordinary set of events.
        
        The skills learned during a particular stage as a result of work on its developmental tasks provide the tools for the resolution of the psychosocial crisis of that stage.
        
        This resolution orients the person toward new experiences, a new aptitude for relationships, and new feelings of personal worth as the challenges of the next stage's developmental tasks begin
    - - According to the psychosocial theory, most people experience both positive and negative elements of the continuum.
        
        At each successive stage, the likelihood of a negative resolution mounts as the developmental tasks become more complex and the chances of encountering societal barriers to development increase.
        
        The term crisis implies that tension and conflict are necessary to the developmental process; crisis and its resolution are viewed as normative, biologically based components of life experience at every stage.
        
        The term psychosocial draws attention to the fact that the crises are, in part, the result of cultural pressures and expectations. Individuals will experience tension because of the culture's needs to socialize and integrate its members.
        
        There are predictable psychosocial crises and unforeseen stresses. Ex) parent's divorce, death of a sibling, violence, loss of a job, destruction of one's home
        
        Although unpredictable crises may develop growth, new competencies, it may also result in anxiety, defensiveness, regression, or dread.
  - - - Central process - suggests a way that the person takes in or makes sense of cultural expectations and as a result changes the self-concept
        
        Process - an ongoing operation or activity, not directly observable, that takes place in small increments over time and leads to a natural transformation
        
        Each central process suggests a means by which the person recognizes new social pressures and expectations, gives these expectations personal meaning, and gradually changes.
        
        This process results in a new relationship between self and society.
        
        The central process for coping with the challenges of each life stage provides both personal and societal mechanisms for taking in new information and reorganizing existing information.
        
        Each central process results in an intensive reworking of the psychological system, including a reorganization of boundaries, values, and images of oneself and others.
  - - - The circles are comprised of complex networks of individuals who interact with each other as well as with the target person.
        
        At each stage of life, the network of significant relationships determines the demands that will be made, how the person will be taken care of, conflicts the person is exposed to, and the meaning that could be derived from these relationships.
    - - Social organizations influence what is expected of its members, the sources available to meet these expectations, the roles individuals play, the activities they engage in, and the risks they may encounter.
        
        Family - a group of people, usually related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Psychosocial meaning: individuals who share a common destiny and who experience a sense of emotional intimacy.
        
        Culture - the socially standardized ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are shared by members of a society. Includes the concepts, habits, skills, arts, technology, religion, and government of people.
        
        Ethnic groups - people who belong to ethnic groups share ways of thinking, feeling, and acting with other members of their group.
  - - - The coping process depends on the specific stressful situation.
        
        The approach to coping also depends on the values, beliefs, and goals of the person or family involved and how these values, beliefs, and goals lead to a particular interpretation of the stressor event.
        
        Socioeconomic status (SES) - a combination of resources including income, education, and occupation
        
        Resilience - individuals who exhibit positive outcomes in the face of serious threats to development
        
        At each stage of life, consistent efforts to face and cope with the psychosocial crisis of the period result in the formation of basic adaptive capacities, referred to as the prime adaptive ego qualities.
        
        When coping is unsuccessful and the challenges of the period are not adequately mastered, individuals are likely to form maladaptive orientations, referred to as core pathologies.
        
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- - - - Psychosocial theory provides a framework for tracing the process through which self-concept, self-esteem, and self-other boundaries become integrated into a positive adaptive, socially engaged person
        
        The theory has taken the study of development beyond the deterministic position of psychosexual theory or the mechanistic view of behaviorism, providing an essential conceptual framework for the emergence of positive psychology.
        
        Concepts central to the theory (trust, autonomy, identity achievement, coping, well-being, social support, and intergenerational interdependence) have become integrated into contemporary human development scholarship.