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General Physiology: Animals - Coggle Diagram
General Physiology: Animals
Energy metabolism
neither created nor destroywed
can be converted from one form to another
can be stored
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
universal energy transfer molecule
energy stored in covalen bonds between phosphate groups
release energy by breaking phosphate covalent bond
in order ATP->ADP->AMP
-55kJ/mol to -50kj/mol when break bond from ATP to ADP
broken through hydrolysis
ADP to AMP no energy released
forms cyclic AMP
second messenger in endocrine system
required to maintain life
life forms need constant energy input to maintain order
decrease entropy
order your dirty house
units
SI unit = joule (J)
#
calorie (cal)
amount of energy to heat 1 g of water by 1 C
1 cal = 4.1840 J
forms
chemical
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
energy tranfer, chemical reaction
Gibbs Energy = amount of energy transferred in a chemical reaction
exergonic
releases energy
spontaneous
ΔG<0 :
endergonic
ΔG>0
absorbs energy
requires energy input
activation energy (Ea)
mechanical
movement
electrical
separation of particles of positive & negative charges
radiation
electromagnetic waves
example: heat from light bulb
thermal
heat flow from region of higher temperature to region of lower temperature
metabolism
2 types
anabolism
endergonic
#
synthesis of molecules
catabolism
breaking down of molecules
exregonic
#
redox reactions
oxidation
molecule losing electrons
aerobic respiration
mainly oxidation of carbohydrates & fats from food in presence of O2
occurs in mitochondria
pyruvate move to mitochondria in eukaryotes
1 more item...
generate CO2 & H20 (metabolic water)
transfer energy from food molecules to ATP
#
ΔG<0
major stages
glycolysis
6 more items...
pyruvate oxidation
5 more items...
tricarboxylic acid cycle
3 more items...
electron transport chain
6 more items...
oxidative phosphorylation
3 more items...
major organelle is mitochondrion
27-29 ATP molecules per glucose molecule typical
reduction
molecule gaining electrons
50% Gibbs energy released used to make ATP, the rest is released as heat
